Assessment of Safety and Feasibility of ExAblate Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Disruption for Treatment of Glioma

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Men or women.
2. Age between 18 and 80 years, inclusive.
3. Able and willing to give informed consent.
4. Grade IV malignant glioma (GBM) confirmed through assessment of surgical specimens by a board-certified neuropathologist.
5. Undergone maximal safe surgical resection and completed concurrent radiotherapy+oral TMZ without any complications and deemed eligible for the maintenance phase of TMZ treatment.
6. Karnofsky rating 70-100.
7. ASA score 1-3.
8. Able to communicate during the ExAblate MRgFUS procedure.
9. Able to attend all study visits (i.e., life expectancy of at least 3 months).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients presenting with the following imaging characteristics:

   i. Evidence of recent intracranial hemorrhage.

2. The sonication pathway to the tumour involves:

   i. Extensive scalp scars, ii. Clips or other metallic implanted objects in the skull or the brain (brain implants).

3. The subject presents with symptoms and signs of increased intracranial pressure (e.g., headache, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and papilledema).
4. Patients requiring increasing doses of corticosteroids.
5. Patient receiving bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy.
6. Patients undergoing other concurrent therapies such as chemotherapy wafers, immunotoxins delivered by convection-enhanced delivery, regionally administered gene and viral therapies, immunotherapies, and focal irradiation with brachytherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and laser interstitial thermotherapy.

7. Cardiac disease or unstable hemodynamics including:

   i. Documented myocardial infarction within six months of enrollment. ii. Unstable angina on medication. iii. Congestive heart failure. iv. Left ventricular ejection fraction <50%. v. History of a hemodynamically unstable cardiac arrhythmia. vi. Cardiac pacemaker.

8. Severe hypertension (diastolic BP > 100 on medication).
9. Anti-coagulant therapy, or medications known to increase risk of hemorrhage within washout period prior to treatment.
10. History of a bleeding disorder, coagulopathy or with a history of spontaneous tumour hemorrhage.
11. Documented cerebral infarction within the past 12 months.
12. TIA in the last 1 month.
13. Cerebral or systemic vasculopathy.
14. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that is not well-controlled or that in the Investigator's opinion precludes participation in the study.
15. Known sensitivity to gadolinium-DTPA.
16. Known sensitivity to DEFINITY ultrasound contrast agent or perflutren.
17. Contraindications to MRI such as non-MRI-compatible implanted devices.
18. Large subjects not fitting comfortably into the MRI scanner.
19. Difficulty lying supine and still for up to 4 hours in the MRI unit or claustrophobia.
20. Untreated, uncontrolled sleep apnea.
21. Positive pregnancy test (for pre-menopausal women).
22. Known life-threatening systemic disease.
23. Severely impaired renal function.
24. Cardiac shunt.
25. Previous full course of chemotherapy.
26. Allergy to eggs or egg products.
27. Subjects with evidence of cranial or systemic infection.
28. Subjects with chronic pulmonary disorders.
29. Subjects with a history of drug allergies, asthma or hay fever, and multiple allergies, in particular subjects with a history of anaphylaxis.
30. Subjects with evidence of Hepatitis B virus infection/carrier state.
31. Liver injury as indicated by liver function tests.