Lower Back Biomechanics in Veterans With Non-Specific Low Back Pain

Specific Aims

The specific objective of this study is to generate evidence in support of the feasibility of the investigators' developed methods for the evaluation of 1) relative contribution of lower back tissues to spinal loads, and 2) the resultant spinal loads experienced during daily activities in Veterans with non-specific LBP. Results of this feasibility study will enable proper design of the investigators' future projects, wherein the investigators will investigate the role of spinal loads experienced in daily life activities in clinical presentation of LBP. The investigators have developed several innovative computational and experimental methods for a comprehensive and personalized assessment of spinal loads. Specifically, the relative mechanical contribution of active and passive lower back tissues to spinal loads is assessed using advanced measures of bulk lower back mechanical behavior (MB), whereas muscular responses to physical demands of daily activities and the resultant spinal loads are evaluated using the investigators' finite element model of human spine. The investigators have used the methods proposed in this application extensively for evaluation of bulk lower back MB and spinal loads in asymptomatic individuals. This project will demonstrate the sensitivity of the measures for capturing abnormalities in lower back MB and spinal loads in patients with nonspecific LBP by completing the following two aims to achieve the investigators' objective:

Aim-1: Feasibility of distinguishing potential differences in lower back MB between Veterans with different LBP experiences. The investigators will characterize lower back MB in three gender-balanced groups of Veterans between 20 and 70 years old. These will include Veterans with 1) chronic LBP and a Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) score of >12 (n=18), 2) chronic LBP and RMDQ score of 12 (n=18), 3) no recent history of LBP and currently asymptomatic (n=18), serving as control group). Participants will be recruited from the population served by the Lexington, KY, VA Medical Center. The investigators will determine passive stiffness of the lower back and its relaxation along with its active intrinsic and reflexive mechanical properties, using the sudden perturbation and stress-relaxations tests. Given the reported differences in trunk neuromuscular behavior and lumbo-pelvic coordination, the investigators expect to see differences in the measures between patient groups targeted for this project.

Aim-2: Feasibility of distinguishing potential differences in spinal loads between Veterans with different LBP experiences. Trunk muscle forces and the resultant spinal loads will be determined in the same participant groups when they perform common activities of daily living like walking and manual material handling. Considering the causal role of spinal loads, and given the persistence of symptom in patients with chronic LBP, along with the high risk of LBP recurrence in patients with non-chronic LBP and those with a recent history of LBP, the investigators expect differences in spinal loads between patient groups.

Research Procedures:

Participants deemed eligible will complete one data collection session during which they will first be instrumented with sensors to enable measurement of kinematics and muscle activity, similar to procedures the investigators used in earlier studies. Specifically, wireless inertial measurement units (Xsens MTW, Xsens Technologies, Enschede, Netherlands) will be used to measure rotations of the thorax and pelvis, and surface EMG electrodes will be used to measure the activity of erector spinae, rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques. Participants will then be asked to stand on a force plate and perform a forward bending and backward return test. Participants will be instructed to bend from an upright standing posture to their maximum comfortable forward bending posture and then return to the upright posture at a self-selected pace. Participants will then be instructed to perform the following activities of daily life at a self-selected pace: walking on level and sloped surfaces, sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit motions, and lowering and lifting a 10 lb load to their knee height. These activities have been selected because they represent basic but repetitive activities of daily life, and the investigators have successfully used them in earlier investigation of spinal loads among asymptomatic non-Veterans, as well as persons with unilateral lower limb amputation. Finally, sudden perturbation followed by stress-relaxation tests will be conducted as in earlier studies and as explained below. Each of the above tests will take less than 5 minutes, and the investigators will provide break periods between each set of tests to minimize fatigue and discomfort.

In preparation for future projects, the investigators will also administer the following questionnaires that are relevant to LBP experience during the data collection session: 1) comprehensive health status using the PROMIS-29 questionnaire (all participants), 2) survey of habitual physical activity (all participants), 3) the short version of Copenhagen Psychosocial questionnaire concerning work and non-work-related factors (all participants), 4) the minimum data set recommended by the NIH task force on research standards for chronic LBP (only Veterans with LBP), 5) pain intensity using a numerical rating scale (only Veterans with LBP), 6) LBP-related disability using the 24-item Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (only Veterans with LBP), 7) the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (only Veterans with LBP). Total time for the entire data collection session, including the instrumentation time, is estimated to be less than 3 hours.