Schooling, Income, and HIV Risk in Malawi (SIHR)
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ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01333826 |
Recruitment Status :
Active, not recruiting
First Posted : April 12, 2011
Last Update Posted : July 29, 2021
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Condition or disease | Intervention/treatment | Phase |
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HIV Schooling Conditional Cash Transfers Unconditional Cash Transfers | Behavioral: Zomba Cash Transfer Program | Not Applicable |
Motivation:
Education has been suggested as a "social vaccine" to prevent the spread of HIV (Jukes, Simmons, and Bundy, 2008), but almost all of the evidence we have on the link between school attendance (or attainment) and the risk of HIV infection comes from cross-sectional studies. Furthermore, the role of income (especially that of women's poverty) has been hypothesized as a significant factor in the spread of HIV in SSA, but again there is no credible evidence showing a causal link between income and HIV risk. A randomized intervention, such as the one proposed here, that provides randomly varied amounts of cash transfers to young individuals and their guardians is the perfect setting to examine the possible existence of such causal relationships.
Objectives:
The objective of the proposed study here is to provide credible evidence on issues about which we still know very little. Specifically, the main questions the study will try to answer are the following:
- Are the observed effects of a CCT associated with the transfer or the conditionality imposed on the recipient?
- Do the outcomes of interest improve with increased benefit levels set by the program?
- Do CCT programs for schooling have any positive health impacts, including prevention of STIs such as HIV/AIDS among young people?
Study Type : | Interventional (Clinical Trial) |
Actual Enrollment : | 3796 participants |
Allocation: | Randomized |
Intervention Model: | Parallel Assignment |
Masking: | None (Open Label) |
Primary Purpose: | Prevention |
Official Title: | Does Schooling Protect Young Women From HIV? |
Study Start Date : | September 2007 |
Actual Primary Completion Date : | September 2012 |
Estimated Study Completion Date : | May 2022 |
Arm | Intervention/treatment |
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Experimental: Unconditional cash transfers
Monthly cash transfers given to households with school aged girls with no strings attached. Transfer amounts randomized within this arm.
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Behavioral: Zomba Cash Transfer Program
Cash transfers were provided monthly to a randomly selected sample of school aged girls. Amounts were also varied in both treatment arms. |
Experimental: Conditional Cash Transfer
Monthly cash transfers given to households with school aged girls conditional on regular school attendance (80%). Transfer amounts randomized within this arm.
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Behavioral: Zomba Cash Transfer Program
Cash transfers were provided monthly to a randomly selected sample of school aged girls. Amounts were also varied in both treatment arms. |
No Intervention: Control Group
No cash transfer program implemented in this group.
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- Sexually Transmitted Infections [ Time Frame: 18 months ]HIV prevalence HSV-2 prevalence
- Schooling [ Time Frame: 12 months/24 months ]school enrollment
- Sexually Transmitted Infections [ Time Frame: 18 months ]syphilis
- Marriage and fertility [ Time Frame: 12 months/24 months ]ever married currently pregnant
- sexual behavior [ Time Frame: 12 months/ 24 months ]new sexual debut unprotected sexual intercourse weekly sexual intercourse had a sexual partner 25 or older
- HIV Awareness [ Time Frame: 12 months/24 months ]ever tested for HIV received health training on HIV HIV knowledge

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Ages Eligible for Study: | 13 Years to 22 Years (Child, Adult) |
Sexes Eligible for Study: | Female |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- female
- 13-22 years old
- never married

To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01333826
Malawi | |
Zomba District, Malawi | |
Zomba, Malawi |
Principal Investigator: | Berk Ozler, PhD | World Bank | |
Principal Investigator: | Craig T McIntosh, PhD | University of California, San Diego | |
Principal Investigator: | Sarah J Baird, PhD | George Washington University | |
Principal Investigator: | Ephraim Chirwa, PhD | University of Malawi | |
Principal Investigator: | Richard S Garfein, PhD | University of California, San Diego |
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Responsible Party: | Sarah Baird, Assistant Professor, George Washington University |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT01333826 |
Other Study ID Numbers: |
KCP: RF-P109215-RESE-TF090932 RSB: RF-P109215-RESE-BBRSB ( Other Grant/Funding Number: World Bank ) |
First Posted: | April 12, 2011 Key Record Dates |
Last Update Posted: | July 29, 2021 |
Last Verified: | July 2021 |