Sex, Aging and Antiretroviral Pharmacokinetics

This study has been completed.

Sponsor:

Collaborator:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

Information provided by (Responsible Party):

Kristine Patterson, MD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:

NCT00666055

First received: April 22, 2008

Last updated: September 18, 2012

Last verified: September 2012

History of Changes

Purpose

The purpose of this research study is to learn about levels of antiretroviral drug levels and response to HIV virus in the genital tract of women who are post-menopausal. The investigators in this study think that the levels of hormones post-menopausal HIV-infected women may have in their bodies may affect the levels of antiretroviral drug, and therefore affect how much HIV virus they have in their bodies. Since women who have already gone through menopause have different levels of hormones, such as estrogen, than women who are pre-menopausal, the investigators would like to check the levels of antiretroviral drugs in their blood, their genital secretions, and their genital tissue.

Condition	Intervention
HIV Infections	Drug: ARV regimen chosen by treating physician


Study Type:	Observational
Study Design:	Observational Model: Case Control Time Perspective: Prospective
Official Title:	CID 0708 - Sex, Aging and Antiretroviral Pharmacokinetics

Resource links provided by NLM:

MedlinePlus related topics: HIV/AIDS Menopause

U.S. FDA Resources

Further study details as provided by Kristine Patterson, MD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill:

Primary Outcome Measures:

To measure and compare steady state blood plasma pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral therapies in post- and pre-menopausal HIV-infected women. [ Time Frame: 6 months ]

Secondary Outcome Measures:

To longitudinally quantify and compare genital tract antiretroviral drug exposure in post- and pre-menopausal HIV-infected women [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
To determine and compare sexual HIV infectivity in post- and pre-menopausal HIV-infected women by measuring HIV RNA dynamics in blood plasma and genital tract secretions before and after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. [ Time Frame: 6 months ]

Biospecimen Retention: Samples With DNA

blood; genital secretions; genital tissue


Enrollment:	11
Study Start Date:	March 2008
Study Completion Date:	May 2012
Primary Completion Date:	May 2012 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)

Groups/Cohorts	Assigned Interventions
Group 1 30 post-menopausal HIV-infected women	Drug: ARV regimen chosen by treating physician Women may also be naïve to either NNRTI or PIs and initiating their first, second or third HAART regimen (ARVs to be investigated: zidovudine, lamivudine, emtricitabine, abacavir, tenofovir, efavirenz, lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir with or without ritonavir). Provided the ARV regimens contain one or more of the agents under study they may also include new agents such as maraviroc (CCR5 inhibitor), raltegravir (integrase inhibitor) and/or etravirine (NNRTI). Other Names: Zidovudine: ZDV, Retrovir, Retrovis, AZT (Azidothymidine) Lamivudine: 3TC, Zeffix, Epivir, Epivir-HBV Emtricitabine: FTC, Emtriva Abacivir: Ziagen Tenofovir: TDF, Viread Efavirenz: Sustiva, Stocrin Lopinavir/Ritonavir: Kaletra, Aluvia Atazanavir: Reyataz Ritonavir: Norvir Maraviroc: Selzentry Raltegravir: MK-0518, Isentress Etravirine: TMC-125, Intelence
Group 2 12 pre-menopausal HIV-infected women	Drug: ARV regimen chosen by treating physician Women may also be naïve to either NNRTI or PIs and initiating their first, second or third HAART regimen (ARVs to be investigated: zidovudine, lamivudine, emtricitabine, abacavir, tenofovir, efavirenz, lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir with or without ritonavir). Provided the ARV regimens contain one or more of the agents under study they may also include new agents such as maraviroc (CCR5 inhibitor), raltegravir (integrase inhibitor) and/or etravirine (NNRTI). Other Names: Zidovudine: ZDV, Retrovir, Retrovis, AZT (Azidothymidine) Lamivudine: 3TC, Zeffix, Epivir, Epivir-HBV Emtricitabine: FTC, Emtriva Abacivir: Ziagen Tenofovir: TDF, Viread Efavirenz: Sustiva, Stocrin Lopinavir/Ritonavir: Kaletra, Aluvia Atazanavir: Reyataz Ritonavir: Norvir Maraviroc: Selzentry Raltegravir: MK-0518, Isentress Etravirine: TMC-125, Intelence

Groups/Cohorts

Assigned Interventions

Group 1

30 post-menopausal HIV-infected women

Drug: ARV regimen chosen by treating physician

Women may also be naïve to either NNRTI or PIs and initiating their first, second or third HAART regimen (ARVs to be investigated: zidovudine, lamivudine, emtricitabine, abacavir, tenofovir, efavirenz, lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir with or without ritonavir).

Provided the ARV regimens contain one or more of the agents under study they may also include new agents such as maraviroc (CCR5 inhibitor), raltegravir (integrase inhibitor) and/or etravirine (NNRTI).

Other Names:

Zidovudine: ZDV, Retrovir, Retrovis, AZT (Azidothymidine)
Lamivudine: 3TC, Zeffix, Epivir, Epivir-HBV
Emtricitabine: FTC, Emtriva
Abacivir: Ziagen
Tenofovir: TDF, Viread
Efavirenz: Sustiva, Stocrin
Lopinavir/Ritonavir: Kaletra, Aluvia
Atazanavir: Reyataz
Ritonavir: Norvir
Maraviroc: Selzentry
Raltegravir: MK-0518, Isentress
Etravirine: TMC-125, Intelence

Group 2

12 pre-menopausal HIV-infected women

Drug: ARV regimen chosen by treating physician

Other Names:

Zidovudine: ZDV, Retrovir, Retrovis, AZT (Azidothymidine)
Lamivudine: 3TC, Zeffix, Epivir, Epivir-HBV
Emtricitabine: FTC, Emtriva
Abacivir: Ziagen
Tenofovir: TDF, Viread
Efavirenz: Sustiva, Stocrin
Lopinavir/Ritonavir: Kaletra, Aluvia
Atazanavir: Reyataz
Ritonavir: Norvir
Maraviroc: Selzentry
Raltegravir: MK-0518, Isentress
Etravirine: TMC-125, Intelence

Detailed Description:

Purpose: To longitudinally quantify systemic and genital tract antiretroviral pharmacokinetics and viral responses in HIV-infected post-menopausal women. These parameters will be compared to pre-menopausal women to determine if the absence or presence of estrogen influences treatment responses and infectiousness of HIV.

Participants: 30 post-menopausal and 12 pre-menopausal HIV-infected women Procedures (methods): First dose, steady state, and longitudinal pharmacokinetics of the most commonly prescribed antiretroviral agents will be assessed in the systemic and genital tract compartments in a cohort of post- and pre-menopausal HIV-infected women. Concurrent blood plasma and genital secretions HIV RNA will be measured. Systemic and genital tract virologic responses will be correlated with antiretroviral concentrations and with each other.

Eligibility


Ages Eligible for Study:	19 Years and older (Adult, Senior)
Sexes Eligible for Study:	Female
Accepts Healthy Volunteers:	No
Sampling Method:	Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Subjects will primarily be recruited from the UNC Infectious Disease Clinic and the Wake County HIV Clinic.

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

HIV-infected women >18 years of age
There are no specific entry criteria for CD4+ T-cell counts and plasma HIV RNA.
Menopause status will be determined at screening.
1. Post-menopausal will be defined as the cessation of menses for >12 months (or undergone a bilateral oophorectomy with or without a hysterectomy) AND a FSH >25 miu/mL and estradiol level <20 pg/mL establishing both physiological and biochemical evidence of menopause.
2. Pre-menopausal women must have regular cycles without peri-menopausal vasomotor symptoms and not receiving exogenous hormones.
Women may be changing to a new regimen because of virologic failure or intolerability. Women in whom resistance testing is available, two or more drugs to which the virus is susceptible needs to be included in the proposed treatment regimen.
Women may also be naïve to either NNRTI or PIs and initiating their first, second or third HAART regimen (ARVs to be investigated: zidovudine, lamivudine, emtricitabine, abacavir, tenofovir, efavirenz, lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir with or without ritonavir).
Provided the ARV regimens contain one or more of the agents under study they may also include new agents such as maraviroc (CCR5 inhibitor), raltegravir (integrase inhibitor) and/or etravirine (NNRTI). Samples will be stored so that the pharmacokinetics of these agents can be evaluated in future studies once the assays are available in our lab.
Women must be free from sexually transmitted infections (STI's) at the time of enrollment.
Women must be able to abstain from douching and sexual activity for 72 hours prior to all study visits.
Subjects must be willing to have genital tract samples taken.

Exclusion Criteria:

Women currently receiving medication with known drug-drug interaction with the ARVs under study.
Women currently receiving any exogenous hormone therapy (contraception, estrogen replacement therapy or androgen supplements). Women must be off all exogenous hormone therapy for > 16 weeks prior to enrollment.
Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding.
Women with a hemoglobin <9.0g/dL and/or hematocrit <28%.
Women unable to complete, or have a caretaker complete, a dose administration card.
Women who, in the judgement of the investigator, are unable to comply with the protocol requirements.
Women who are unable to give written informed consent.
Women who cannot comply with abstaining from intercourse or douching 48 hours prior to study examination.
Male or transgender individuals.

Contacts and Locations

Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.

Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00666055

Locations


United States, North Carolina
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599-7215

Sponsors and Collaborators

Kristine Patterson, MD

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

Investigators


Principal Investigator:	Kristine B Patterson, MD	University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

More Information

Publications:

Gruber CJ, Tschugguel W, Schneeberger C, Huber JC. Production and actions of estrogens. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 31;346(5):340-52. Review.

Burger HG, Dudley E, Mamers P, Robertson D, Groome N, Dennerstein L. The ageing female reproductive axis I. Novartis Found Symp. 2002;242:161-7; discussion 167-71. Review.

Gracia CR, Sammel MD, Freeman EW, Lin H, Langan E, Kapoor S, Nelson DB. Defining menopause status: creation of a new definition to identify the early changes of the menopausal transition. Menopause. 2005 Mar;12(2):128-35.

Landgren BM, Collins A, Csemiczky G, Burger HG, Baksheev L, Robertson DM. Menopause transition: Annual changes in serum hormonal patterns over the menstrual cycle in women during a nine-year period prior to menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2763-9.

Burger HG, Dudley EC, Robertson DM, Dennerstein L. Hormonal changes in the menopause transition. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2002;57:257-75. Review.

Gracia CR, Freeman EW. Acute consequences of the menopausal transition: the rise of common menopausal symptoms. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004 Dec;33(4):675-89. Review.

Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J; Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33.

CDC HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2005. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/index.htm#surveillance. Accessed March 8, 2007.

Pilcher CD, Eron JJ Jr, Vemazza PL, Battegay M, Harr T, Yerly S, Vom S, Perrin L. Sexual transmission during the incubation period of primary HIV infection. JAMA. 2001 Oct 10;286(14):1713-4.

Pedraza MA, del Romero J, Roldán F, García S, Ayerbe MC, Noriega AR, Alcamí J. Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 is associated with high plasma viral load levels and a positive viral isolation in the infected partner. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999 Jun 1;21(2):120-5.

Ragni MV, Faruki H, Kingsley LA. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission and viral load in hemophilic patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998 Jan 1;17(1):42-5.

Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, Meehan MO, Lutalo T, Gray RH. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 30;342(13):921-9.

Chakraborty H, Sen PK, Helms RW, Vernazza PL, Fiscus SA, Eron JJ, Patterson BK, Coombs RW, Krieger JN, Cohen MS. Viral burden in genital secretions determines male-to-female sexual transmission of HIV-1: a probabilistic empiric model. AIDS. 2001 Mar 30;15(5):621-7.

Royce RA, Seña A, Cates W Jr, Cohen MS. Sexual transmission of HIV. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 10;336(15):1072-8. Review. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1997 Sep 11;337(11):799.

Mofenson LM, Lambert JS, Stiehm ER, Bethel J, Meyer WA 3rd, Whitehouse J, Moye J Jr, Reichelderfer P, Harris DR, Fowler MG, Mathieson BJ, Nemo GJ. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in women treated with zidovudine. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 185 Team. N Engl J Med. 1999 Aug 5;341(6):385-93.

Tovanabutra S, Robison V, Wongtrakul J, Sennum S, Suriyanon V, Kingkeow D, Kawichai S, Tanan P, Duerr A, Nelson KE. Male viral load and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 subtype E in northern Thailand. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Mar 1;29(3):275-83.

Fideli US, Allen SA, Musonda R, Trask S, Hahn BH, Weiss H, Mulenga J, Kasolo F, Vermund SH, Aldrovandi GM. Virologic and immunologic determinants of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2001 Jul 1;17(10):901-10.

Coombs RW, Reichelderfer PS, Landay AL. Recent observations on HIV type-1 infection in the genital tract of men and women. AIDS. 2003 Mar 7;17(4):455-80. Review.

Pereira AS, Kashuba AD, Fiscus SA, Hall JE, Tidwell RR, Troiani L, Dunn JA, Eron JJ Jr, Cohen MS. Nucleoside analogues achieve high concentrations in seminal plasma: relationship between drug concentration and virus burden. J Infect Dis. 1999 Dec;180(6):2039-43.

Vernazza PL, Troiani L, Flepp MJ, Cone RW, Schock J, Roth F, Boggian K, Cohen MS, Fiscus SA, Eron JJ. Potent antiretroviral treatment of HIV-infection results in suppression of the seminal shedding of HIV. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS. 2000 Jan 28;14(2):117-21.

Kotler DP, Shimada T, Snow G, Winson G, Chen W, Zhao M, Inada Y, Clayton F. Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy upon rectal mucosal HIV RNA burden and mononuclear cell apoptosis. AIDS. 1998 Apr 16;12(6):597-604.

Al-Harthi L, Kovacs A, Coombs RW, Reichelderfer PS, Wright DJ, Cohen MH, Cohn J, Cu-Uvin S, Watts H, Lewis S, Beckner S, Landay A; WHS 001 Study Team. A menstrual cycle pattern for cytokine levels exists in HIV-positive women: implication for HIV vaginal and plasma shedding. AIDS. 2001 Aug 17;15(12):1535-43.

Cummins JE, Christensen L, Lennox JL, Bush TJ, Wu Z, Malamud D, Evans-Strickfaden T, Siddig A, Caliendo AM, Hart CE, Dezzutti CS. Mucosal innate immune factors in the female genital tract are associated with vaginal HIV-1 shedding independent of plasma viral load. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006 Aug;22(8):788-95.

Bebell L, Passmore J, Williamson C, et al. Clincial correlations of inflammatory cytokines in the female genital tract during acute HIV-1 infection. Paper presented at: 16th International AIDS Conference, 2006; Toronto, Canada.

Reichelderfer PS, Coombs RW, Wright DJ, Cohn J, Burns DN, Cu-Uvin S, Baron PA, Coheng MH, Landay AL, Beckner SK, Lewis SR, Kovacs AA. Effect of menstrual cycle on HIV-1 levels in the peripheral blood and genital tract. WHS 001 Study Team. AIDS. 2000 Sep 29;14(14):2101-7.

Nelson KE, Celentano DD, Suprasert S, Wright N, Eiumtrakul S, Tulvatana S, Matanasarawoot A, Akarasewi P, Kuntolbutra S, Romyen S, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection among young adult men in northern Thailand. JAMA. 1993 Aug 25;270(8):955-60.

Nicolosi A, Corrêa Leite ML, Musicco M, Arici C, Gavazzeni G, Lazzarin A. The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples. Italian Study Group on HIV Heterosexual Transmission. Epidemiology. 1994 Nov;5(6):570-5.

Mastro TD, Satten GA, Nopkesorn T, Sangkharomya S, Longini IM Jr. Probability of female-to-male transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. Lancet. 1994 Jan 22;343(8891):204-7.

Nagot N, Ouédraogo A, Foulongne V, Konaté I, Weiss HA, Vergne L, Defer MC, Djagbaré D, Sanon A, Andonaba JB, Becquart P, Segondy M, Vallo R, Sawadogo A, Van de Perre P, Mayaud P; ANRS 1285 Study Group. Reduction of HIV-1 RNA levels with therapy to suppress herpes simplex virus. N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 22;356(8):790-9.

Ouedraogo A, Nagot N, Vergne L, Konate I, Weiss HA, Defer MC, Foulongne V, Sanon A, Andonaba JB, Segondy M, Mayaud P, Van de Perre P. Impact of suppressive herpes therapy on genital HIV-1 RNA among women taking antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS. 2006 Nov 28;20(18):2305-13.

Nagot N, Foulongne V, Becquart P, Mayaud P, Konate I, Ouedraogo A, Defer MC, Weiss H, Van de Perre P, Segondy M. Longitudinal assessment of HIV-1 and HSV-2 shedding in the genital tract of West African women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Aug 15;39(5):632-4.

Mcclelland RS, Wang CC, Mandaliya K, Overbaugh J, Reiner MT, Panteleeff DD, Lavreys L, Ndinya-Achola J, Bwayo JJ, Kreiss JK. Treatment of cervicitis is associated with decreased cervical shedding of HIV-1. AIDS. 2001 Jan 5;15(1):105-10.

St John E, Mares D, Spear GT. Bacterial vaginosis and host immunity. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2007 Feb;4(1):22-8. Review.

Sha BE, Zariffard MR, Wang QJ, Chen HY, Bremer J, Cohen MH, Spear GT. Female genital-tract HIV load correlates inversely with Lactobacillus species but positively with bacterial vaginosis and Mycoplasma hominis. J Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 1;191(1):25-32. Epub 2004 Dec 2.

Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Meier AS, Waiyaki PG, Nguti R, Njeri JN, Holmes KK. Bacterial vaginosis: risk factors among Kenyan women and their male partners. Sex Transm Dis. 2006 Jun;33(6):361-7.

Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, Janssen RS, Taylor AW, Lyss SB, Clark JE; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006 Sep 22;55(RR-14):1-17; quiz CE1-4.

Matthias RE, Lubben JE, Atchison KA, Schweitzer SO. Sexual activity and satisfaction among very old adults: results from a community-dwelling Medicare population survey. Gerontologist. 1997 Feb;37(1):6-14.

Patel D, Gillespie B, Foxman B. Sexual behavior of older women: results of a random-digit-dialing survey of 2,000 women in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 2003 Mar;30(3):216-20.

Gott CM. Sexual activity and risk-taking in later life. Health Soc Care Community. 2001 Mar;9(2):72-8.

Gleiter CH, Gundert-Remy U. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1996 Apr-Jun;21(2):123-8. Review.

Vahl N, Møller N, Lauritzen T, Christiansen JS, Jørgensen JO. Metabolic effects and pharmacokinetics of a growth hormone pulse in healthy adults: relation to age, sex, and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov;82(11):3612-8.

Kishino S, Nomura A, Itoh S, Nakagawa T, Takekuma Y, Sugawara M, Furukawa H, Todo S, Miyazaki K. Age- and gender-related differences in carbohydrate concentrations of alpha1-acid glycoprotein variants and the effects of glycoforms on their drug-binding capacities. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;58(9):621-8. Epub 2002 Nov 22.

Tuck CH, Holleran S, Berglund L. Hormonal regulation of lipoprotein(a) levels: effects of estrogen replacement therapy on lipoprotein(a) and acute phase reactants in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Sep;17(9):1822-9.

Columbo S, Buclin T, Decosterd L, al. e. Orosmucoid plasma concentrations and genetic variants: effects on protease inhibitor clearance and cellular accumulation ratio. Paper presented at: 7th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy; April 20-22, 2006, 2006; Lisbon, Portugal.

Barry M, Gibbons S, Back D, Mulcahy F. Protease inhibitors in patients with HIV disease. Clinically important pharmacokinetic considerations. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997 Mar;32(3):194-209. Review.

Hashimoto S, Miwa M, Akasofu K, Nishida E. Changes in 40 serum proteins of post-menopausal women. Maturitas. 1991 Mar;13(1):23-33.

Baker SD, Grochow LB. Pharmacology of cancer chemotherapy in the older person. Clin Geriatr Med. 1997 Feb;13(1):169-83. Review.

Egorin MJ. Cancer pharmacology in the elderly. Semin Oncol. 1993 Feb;20(1):43-9. Review.

Grandison MK, Boudinot FD. Age-related changes in protein binding of drugs: implications for therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 Mar;38(3):271-90. Review.

Krecic-Shepard ME, Barnas CR, Slimko J, Schwartz JB. Faster clearance of sustained release verapamil in men versus women: continuing observations on sex-specific differences after oral administration of verapamil. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Sep;68(3):286-92.

Schuetz EG, Furuya KN, Schuetz JD. Interindividual variation in expression of P-glycoprotein in normal human liver and secondary hepatic neoplasms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Nov;275(2):1011-8.

Krecic-Shepard ME, Barnas CR, Slimko J, Jones MP, Schwartz JB. Gender-specific effects on verapamil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;40(3):219-30.

Krecic-Shepard ME, Park K, Barnas C, Slimko J, Kerwin DR, Schwartz JB. Race and sex influence clearance of nifedipine: results of a population study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Aug;68(2):130-42.

Kharasch ED, Mautz D, Senn T, Lentz G, Cox K. Menstrual cycle variability in midazolam pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Mar;39(3):275-80.

Kosel BW, Beckerman KP, Hayashi S, Homma M, Aweeka FT. Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and indinavir in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. AIDS. 2003 May 23;17(8):1195-9.

Acosta EP, Zorrilla C, Van Dyke R, Bardeguez A, Smith E, Hughes M, Huang S, Pitt J, Watts H, Mofenson L; Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 386 Protocol Team. Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir-SGC in HIV-infected pregnant women. HIV Clin Trials. 2001 Nov-Dec;2(6):460-5.

Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI. Imipramine and desipramine disposition in the elderly. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985 Jan;232(1):183-8.

Dahl ML, Bertilsson L, Nordin C. Steady-state plasma levels of nortriptyline and its 10-hydroxy metabolite: relationship to the CYP2D6 genotype. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996 Feb;123(4):315-9.

Walle UK, Fagan TC, Topmiller MJ, Conradi EC, Walle T. The influence of gender and sex steroid hormones on the plasma binding of propranolol enantiomers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994 Jan;37(1):21-5.

Wadelius M, Darj E, Frenne G, Rane A. Induction of CYP2D6 in pregnancy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Oct;62(4):400-7.

Aldridge A, Bailey J, Neims AH. The disposition of caffeine during and after pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 1981 Oct;5(4):310-4.

Knutti R, Rothweiler H, Schlatter C. Effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;21(2):121-6.

Kalow W, Tang BK. Use of caffeine metabolite ratios to explore CYP1A2 and xanthine oxidase activities. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1991 Nov;50(5 Pt 1):508-19.

Ou-Yang DS, Huang SL, Wang W, Xie HG, Xu ZH, Shu Y, Zhou HH. Phenotypic polymorphism and gender-related differences of CYP1A2 activity in a Chinese population. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Feb;49(2):145-51.

Relling MV, Lin JS, Ayers GD, Evans WE. Racial and gender differences in N-acetyltransferase, xanthine oxidase, and CYP1A2 activities. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992 Dec;52(6):643-58.

Tamminga WJ, Wemer J, Oosterhuis B, Weiling J, Wilffert B, de Leij LF, de Zeeuw RA, Jonkman JH. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 activity in a large population of Dutch healthy volunteers: indications for oral contraceptive-related gender differences. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 May;55(3):177-84.

Tamminga WJ, Wemer J, Oosterhuis B, de Zeeuw RA, de Leij LF, Jonkman JH. The prevalence of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes in a population of healthy Dutch volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;57(10):717-22.

Laine K, Tybring G, Bertilsson L. No sex-related differences but significant inhibition by oral contraceptives of CYP2C19 activity as measured by the probe drugs mephenytoin and omeprazole in healthy Swedish white subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Aug;68(2):151-9.

Toornvliet R, van Berckel BN, Luurtsema G, Lubberink M, Geldof AA, Bosch TM, Oerlemans R, Lammertsma AA, Franssen EJ. Effect of age on functional P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier measured by use of (R)-[(11)C]verapamil and positron emission tomography. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jun;79(6):540-8.

Fleishaker JC, Pearson LK, Pearson PG, Wienkers LC, Hopkins NK, Peters GR. Hormonal effects on tirilazad clearance in women: assessment of the role of CYP3A. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Mar;39(3):260-7.

Harris RZ, Tsunoda SM, Mroczkowski P, Wong H, Benet LZ. The effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapies on prednisolone and erythromycin pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Apr;59(4):429-35.

Lemmens HJ, Burm AG, Hennis PJ, Gladines MP, Bovill JG. Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil. Gender dependence. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1990 Nov;19(5):416-22.

Rubio A, Cox C. Sex, age and alfentanil pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1991 Jul;21(1):81-2.

Mück W. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 Aug;39(2):99-116. Review.

Miners JO, Robson RA, Birkett DJ. Gender and oral contraceptive steroids as determinants of drug glucuronidation: effects on clofibric acid elimination. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984 Aug;18(2):240-3.

Kashuba AD, Bertino JS Jr, Kearns GL, Leeder JS, James AW, Gotschall R, Nafziger AN. Quantitation of three-month intraindividual variability and influence of sex and menstrual cycle phase on CYP1A2, N-acetyltransferase-2, and xanthine oxidase activity determined with caffeine phenotyping. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 May;63(5):540-51.

Macdonald JI, Herman RJ, Verbeeck RK. Sex-difference and the effects of smoking and oral contraceptive steroids on the kinetics of diflunisal. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;38(2):175-9.

Brenner BM, Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1982 Sep 9;307(11):652-9. Review.

James GD, Sealey JE, Alderman M, Ljungman S, Mueller FB, Pecker MS, Laragh JH. A longitudinal study of urinary creatinine and creatinine clearance in normal subjects. Race, sex, and age differences. Am J Hypertens. 1988 Apr;1(2):124-31.

Anderson PL, Kakuda TN, Kawle S, Fletcher CV. Antiviral dynamics and sex differences of zidovudine and lamivudine triphosphate concentrations in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2003 Oct 17;17(15):2159-68.

Stretcher BN, Pesce AJ, Frame PT, Stein DS. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine phosphorylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Jul;38(7):1541-7.

Harris M, Back D, Kewn S, Jutha S, Marina R, Montaner JS. Intracellular carbovir triphosphate levels in patients taking abacavir once a day. AIDS. 2002 May 24;16(8):1196-7.

Green D, Jonusas A, Montague JR, Mudd LM. Tyrosine kinase activity of nerve growth factor and estrogen in embryonic septal neurons cultured from the rat. Neurochem Res. 2002 Dec;27(12):1699-705.

Cui Y, Parra I, Zhang M, Hilsenbeck SG, Tsimelzon A, Furukawa T, Horii A, Zhang ZY, Nicholson RI, Fuqua SA. Elevated expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 3 in breast tumors: a mechanism of tamoxifen resistance. Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 1;66(11):5950-9.

Muraki K, Okuya S, Tanizawa Y. Estrogen receptor alpha regulates insulin sensitivity through IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Endocr J. 2006 Dec;53(6):841-51. Epub 2006 Sep 26.

Burger D, van der Heiden I, la Porte C, van der Ende M, Groeneveld P, Richter C, Koopmans P, Kroon F, Sprenger H, Lindemans J, Schenk P, van Schaik R. Interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of the HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz: the effect of gender, race, and CYP2B6 polymorphism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;61(2):148-54.

Gatti G, dePascalis C, deLucca A. Predictors of amprenavir parameters of drug exposure in heavily pretreated HIV positive patients. Paper presented at: Proceedings on the 6th International Congress on Drug therapy in HIV infection, 2002; Glasgow, Scotland.

Pai MP, Schriever CA, Diaz-Linares M, Novak RM, Rodvold KA. Sex-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir soft-gelatin capsules boosted with low-dose ritonavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Pharmacotherapy. 2004 May;24(5):592-9.

Umeh O, Currier J, Park J, et al. Sex differences in lopinavir/ritonavir soft gel capsule pharmacokinetics among HIV-infected females and males. Paper presented at: 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2007; Los Angelos, CA.

Fletcher CV, Jiang H, Brundage RC, Acosta EP, Haubrich R, Katzenstein D, Gulick RM. Sex-based differences in saquinavir pharmacology and virologic response in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 359. J Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 1;189(7):1176-84. Epub 2004 Mar 16.

Burger DM, Siebers MC, Hugen PW, Aarnoutse RE, Hekster YA, Koopmans PP. Pharmacokinetic variability caused by gender: do women have higher indinavir exposure than men? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Jan 1;29(1):101-2.

Burger D, Boyd M, Duncombe C, Felderhof M, Mahanontharit A, Ruxrungtham K, Ubolyam S, Stek M, Cooper D, Lange J, Phanupak P, Reiss P. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of indinavir with or without low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected Thai patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 May;51(5):1231-8. Epub 2003 Mar 28.

Vernazza PL, Eron JJ, Fiscus SA, Cohen MS. Sexual transmission of HIV: infectiousness and prevention. AIDS. 1999 Feb 4;13(2):155-66. Review.

Vernazza PL, Gilliam BL, Flepp M, Dyer JR, Frank AC, Fiscus SA, Cohen MS, Eron JJ. Effect of antiviral treatment on the shedding of HIV-1 in semen. AIDS. 1997 Aug;11(10):1249-54.

Vernazza PL, Kashuba AD, Cohen MS. Biological Correlates of Sexual Transmission of HIV Practical Consequences and Potential Targets for Public Health. Reviews in Medical Microbiology. July 2001;12(3):131-142.

Dumond J, Yeh R, Patterson K, et al. First Dose and Steady-state Genital Tract Pharmacokinetics of Ten Antiretroviral Drugs in HIV-infected Women: Implications for Pre- and Post- Exposure Prophylaxis. Paper presented at: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2006; Denver, CO.

Min SS, Corbett AH, Rezk N, Cu-Uvin S, Fiscus SA, Petch L, Cohen MS, Kashuba AD. Protease inhibitor and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor concentrations in the genital tract of HIV-1-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Dec 15;37(5):1577-80.

Cohen MS, Gay C, Kashuba AD, Blower S, Paxton L. Narrative review: antiretroviral therapy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Apr 17;146(8):591-601. Review.

Napravnik S, Poole C, Thomas JC, Eron JJ Jr. Gender difference in HIV RNA levels: a meta-analysis of published studies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Sep 1;31(1):11-9.

Fletcher CV, Acosta EP, Henry K, Page LM, Gross CR, Kawle SP, Remmel RP, Erice A, Balfour HH Jr. Concentration-controlled zidovudine therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Sep;64(3):331-8.

Fletcher CV, Anderson PL, Kakuda TN, Schacker TW, Henry K, Gross CR, Brundage RC. Concentration-controlled compared with conventional antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. AIDS. 2002 Mar 8;16(4):551-60.

Reddy S, Troiani L, Pereira A, et al. Zidovudine and Lamivudine (ZDV/3TC) Seminal Plasma:Blood Plasma (SP:BP) Concentration (CONC) Ratios Do Not Predict Total SP Exposure. Paper presented at: World AIDS Conference, 2002; Barcelona, Sapin.

Council. USDoHaHSDPoAGfAaA--AWGotOoARA. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1 Infected Adults and Adolescents. www.aidsinfo.nih.gov. Accessed March 26, 2007.

Jung BH, Rezk NL, Bridges AS, Corbett AH, Kashuba AD. Simultaneous determination of 17 antiretroviral drugs in human plasma for quantitative analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr. 2007 Oct;21(10):1095-104.

King T, Bushman L, Kiser J, Anderson PL, Ray M, Delahunty T, Fletcher CV. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of tenofovir-diphosphate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Nov 7;843(2):147-56. Epub 2006 Jul 7.

Robbins BL, Poston PA, Neal EF, Slaughter C, Rodman JH. Simultaneous measurement of intracellular triphosphate metabolites of zidovudine, lamivudine and abacavir (carbovir) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by combined anion exchange solid phase extraction and LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 May 1;850(1-2):310-7. Epub 2006 Dec 17.

Darque A, Valette G, Rousseau F, Wang LH, Sommadossi JP, Zhou XJ. Quantitation of intracellular triphosphate of emtricitabine in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Sep;43(9):2245-50.

Stek AM, Mirochnick M, Capparelli E, Best BM, Hu C, Burchett SK, Elgie C, Holland DT, Smith E, Tuomala R, Cotter A, Read JS. Reduced lopinavir exposure during pregnancy. AIDS. 2006 Oct 3;20(15):1931-9.

Sadiq ST, Taylor S, Kaye S, Bennett J, Johnstone R, Byrne P, Copas AJ, Drake SM, Pillay D, Weller I. The effects of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1 RNA loads in seminal plasma in HIV-positive patients with and without urethritis. AIDS. 2002 Jan 25;16(2):219-25.


Responsible Party:	Kristine Patterson, MD, Clinical Associate Professor, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:	NCT00666055 History of Changes
Other Study ID Numbers:	CID 0708 1K23AI077355-01 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
Study First Received:	April 22, 2008
Last Updated:	September 18, 2012

Keywords provided by Kristine Patterson, MD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill:


Sex Aging Antiretroviral	Pharmacokinetics post-menopausal women with HIV infection pre-menopausal women with HIV infection

Additional relevant MeSH terms:


Infection HIV Infections Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Lentivirus Infections Retroviridae Infections RNA Virus Infections Virus Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Immune System Diseases Slow Virus Diseases Ritonavir Lopinavir Atazanavir Sulfate	Tenofovir Lamivudine Raltegravir Potassium Zidovudine Emtricitabine Maraviroc Efavirenz Etravirine HIV Protease Inhibitors Protease Inhibitors Enzyme Inhibitors Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action Anti-HIV Agents Anti-Retroviral Agents Antiviral Agents

ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 20, 2017

To Top