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Short-Term vs. Long-Term Valganciclovir Therapy for Symptomatic Congenital CMV Infections

The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
 
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00466817
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : April 27, 2007
Results First Posted : November 13, 2013
Last Update Posted : August 26, 2015
Sponsor:
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

Study Description
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Brief Summary:
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is known to cause hearing loss and mental retardation. The purpose of this study is to compare a 6-week course to a 6-month course of the drug valganciclovir in babies born with CMV to assess the safety and efficacy of this treatment. Participants will include 104 infants (30 days old or younger) born with CMV disease. All infants will take valganciclovir by mouth for 6 weeks. At the end of the 6 week period, subjects will be assigned by chance to receive either valganciclovir or placebo (inactive substance) to complete the 6 months of antiviral treatment. Patients will be followed for the study related evaluations of safety, changes to hearing, and developmental milestones for up to 2 years. Patients will be followed by telephone contact for an additional 3 years. Thus, participants may be involved in study related procedures for approximately 5 years.

Condition or disease Intervention/treatment Phase
Cytomegalovirus Infection Other: Placebo Drug: Valganciclovir Phase 3

Detailed Description:
This study is a multi-center, prospective, international, Phase III, randomized and blinded investigation of 6 weeks versus 6 months of oral valganciclovir therapy in babies with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. Following enrollment, study subjects will receive 6 weeks of oral valganciclovir. Near the end of the 6-week course, subjects will be randomized in a 1:1 fashion either to continue on valganciclovir to complete 6 months of therapy or to begin a matching placebo to complete the 6 months. Study subjects will be stratified according to whether or not there is central nervous system (CNS) involvement at study entry. During the 6-month treatment period and the 1 month thereafter, study subjects will be followed weekly for 4 weeks, then every other week for 8 weeks, then every month for 4 months. At each of these visits, safety labs will be checked, growth parameters recorded, and adverse events assessed. The dose of study medication will be adjusted for weight gain at each of these study visits. Dose adjustments may also occur as indicated per protocol for neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or renal impairment. Whole blood will be obtained for CMV viral load at each of these visits as well. Hearing outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months. Developmental outcomes will be assessed at 12 months and 24 months. Changes in whole blood viral load measurements will be correlated with both hearing and neurologic outcomes. In study subjects with increasing whole blood viral loads during the course of treatment, assessment for antiviral resistance may be undertaken.Safety assessments include: hematology labs, chemistry labs, physical examinations, and adverse event data performed/collected serially. Development of neutropenia will be confirmed by repeat blood testing within one week, and study drug will be held until it resolves. Efficacy assessments include: hearing assessments at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months; and neurodevelopmental assessments at 12 months and 24 months. Study objectives are: to compare the impact on hearing outcomes of 6 weeks versus 6 months of antiviral treatment with valganciclovir oral solution in infants with symptomatic congenital CMV disease; to compare the safety profile of 6 weeks versus 6 months of antiviral therapy with valganciclovir oral solution in infants with symptomatic congenital CMV disease; to compare the impact on neurologic outcomes of 6 weeks versus 6 months of antiviral treatment with valganciclovir oral solution in infants with symptomatic congenital CMV disease; and to correlate change in whole blood viral load with hearing and neurologic outcomes. Participants will include 104 male and female neonates (less than or equal to 30 days) with symptomatic congenital CMV.
Study Design
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Study Type : Interventional  (Clinical Trial)
Actual Enrollment : 109 participants
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
Official Title: A Phase III, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Blinded Investigation of Six Weeks vs. Six Months of Oral Valganciclovir Therapy in Infants With Symptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection (CASG 112)
Study Start Date : June 2008
Actual Primary Completion Date : December 2011
Actual Study Completion Date : June 2013

Resource links provided by the National Library of Medicine


Arms and Interventions
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Arm Intervention/treatment
Experimental: Valganciclovir
Six months of oral Valganciclovir.
 Drug: Valganciclovir
Mono-valyl ester pro-drug of ganciclovir, oral solution, provided as a 12 grams of powder containing 5 grams of Valganciclovir free base. The oral solution formulation comprises the following excipients: Providone K30, fumaric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium saccharin, mannitol, flavor, and purified water.
Placebo Comparator: Placebo
Six weeks of oral Valganciclovir followed by placebo to complete the six month time period.
 Other: Placebo
9 grams of powder which contains no Valganciclovir free base. The oral solution formulation comprises the following excipients: mannitol, lactose anhydrous, fumaric acid, sodium benzoate, saccharin sodium, flavor, and purified water.


Outcome Measures
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Primary Outcome Measures :
  1. Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments at 6 Months. [ Time Frame: Between baseline and 6 months ]
    Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 6 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving "total ear" classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the "best ear" classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the "best ear" classification was mild hearing loss.


Secondary Outcome Measures :
  1. Adverse Events Which Lead to Permanent Discontinuation of Valganciclovir Therapy or Lead to Irreversible Outcome of the Adverse Event. [ Time Frame: baseline through 7 months ]
    Adverse events were assessed at each visit through month 7 of the study. No subject discontinued valganciclovir therapy due to permanent discontinuation of valganciclovir therapy or lead to irreversible outcome of any adverse event.

  2. Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments at 12 Months. [ Time Frame: Between baseline and 12 months ]
    Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 12 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving "total ear" classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the "best ear" classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the "best ear" classification was mild hearing loss.

  3. Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments at 24 Months. [ Time Frame: Between baseline and 24 months ]
    Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 24 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving "total ear" classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the "best ear" classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the "best ear" classification was mild hearing loss.

  4. Number of Ears With Improvement or Protected Hearing in Hearing Assessments Over Left and Right Ears at 6 Months.(Based on 84 Ears From 43 Placebo Subjects and 82 Ears From 43 Valganciclovir Subjects) [ Time Frame: Between baseline and 6 months ]
    Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 6 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving "total ear" classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the "best ear" classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the "best ear" classification was mild hearing loss.

  5. Number of Ears With Improvement or Protected Hearing in Hearing Assessments Over Left and Right Ears at 12 Months.(Based on 77 Ears From 40 Placebo Subjects and 79 Ears From 41 Valganciclovir Subjects) [ Time Frame: Between baseline and 12 months ]
    Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 12 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving "total ear" classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the "best ear" classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the "best ear" classification was mild hearing loss.

  6. Number of Ears With Improvement or Protected Hearing Assessments Over Left and Right Ears at 24 Months.(Based on 58 Ears From 31 Placebo Subjects and 70 Ears From 37 Valganciclovir Subjects) [ Time Frame: Between baseline and 24 months ]
    Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 24 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving "total ear" classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the "best ear" classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the "best ear" classification was mild hearing loss.

  7. Number of Ears With Hearing Deterioration Over Left and Right Ears at 6 Months.(Based on 84 Ears From 43 Placebo Subjects and 82 Ears From 43 Valganciclovir Subjects) [ Time Frame: Between baseline and 6 months ]
    Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 6 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving "total ear" classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the "best ear" classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the "best ear" classification was mild hearing loss.

  8. Number of Ears With Hearing Deterioration Over Left and Right Ears at 12 Months.(Based on 77 Ears From 40 Placebo Subjects and 79 Ears From 41 Valganciclovir Subjects) [ Time Frame: Between baseline and 12 months ]
    Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 12 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving "total ear" classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the "best ear" classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the "best ear" classification was mild hearing loss.

  9. Number of Ears With Hearing Deterioration Over Left and Right Ears at 24 Months.(Based on 58 Ears From 31 Placebo Subjects and 70 Ears From 37 Valganciclovir Subjects) [ Time Frame: Between baseline and 24 months ]
    Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 24 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving "total ear" classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the "best ear" classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the "best ear" classification was mild hearing loss.

  10. Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Cognitive Composite Score). [ Time Frame: 12 Months after enrollment ]
    Cognitive Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor cognitive skills) and 160 (excellent cognitive skills), with the average cogonitive skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15.

  11. Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Age Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Receptive Communication Scaled Score). [ Time Frame: 12 Months after enrollment ]
    Receptive Communication Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor receptive communication skills) and 19 (excellent receptive communication skills), with the average receptive communication skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3.

  12. Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Age Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Expressive Communication Scaled Score). [ Time Frame: 12 Months after enrollment ]
    Expressive Communication Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor expressive communication skills) and 19 (excellent expressive communication skills), with the average expressive communication skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3.

  13. Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Language Composite Score). [ Time Frame: 12 Months after enrollment ]
    Language Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor language skills) and 160 (excellent language skills), with the average language skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15.

  14. Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Fine Motor Scaled Score). [ Time Frame: 12 Months after enrollment ]
    Fine Motor Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor fine motor skills) and 19 (excellent fine motor skills), with the average fine motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3.

  15. Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Gross Motor Scaled Score). [ Time Frame: 12 Months after enrollment ]
    Gross Motor Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor gross motor skills) and 19 (excellent gross motor skills), with the average gross motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3.

  16. Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Motor Composite Score). [ Time Frame: 12 Months after enrollment ]
    Motor Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor motor skills) and 160 (excellent motor skills), with the average motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15.

  17. Neurological Impairment at 24 Months Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Receptive Communication Scaled Score). [ Time Frame: 24 Months after enrollment ]
    Receptive Communication Scaled score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor receptive communication skills) and 19 (excellent receptive communication skills), with the average receptive communication skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3.

  18. Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Cognitive Composite Score). [ Time Frame: 24 months after enrollment ]
    Cognitive Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores are between 40 (very poor cognitive skills) and 160 (excellent cognitive skills), with the average cognitive skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15.

  19. Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Expressive Communication Scaled Score). [ Time Frame: 24 Months after enrollment ]
    Expressive Communication Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor expressive communication skills) and 19 (excellent expressive communication skills), with the average expressive communication skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3.

  20. Neurologic Impairment at 24 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Language Composite Score). [ Time Frame: 24 Months after enrollment ]
    Language Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor language skills) and 160 (excellent language skills), with the average language skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15.

  21. Neurological Impairment at 24 Months, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Fine Motor Scaled Score). [ Time Frame: 24 Months after enrollment ]
    Fine motor scaled score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor fine motor skills) and 19 (excellent fine motor skills), with the average fine motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3.

  22. Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Gross Motor Scaled Score). [ Time Frame: 24 Months after enrollment. ]
    Gross motor scaled score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring is between 1 (very poor gross motor skills) and 19 (excellent gross motor skills), with the average gross motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3.

  23. Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Motor Composite Score). [ Time Frame: 24 Months after enrollment ]
    Motor composite score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor motor skills) and 160 (excellent motor skills), with the average motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15.


Eligibility Criteria
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Layout table for eligibility information
Ages Eligible for Study:   up to 30 Days   (Child)
Sexes Eligible for Study:   All
Accepts Healthy Volunteers:   No
Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Signed informed consent from parent(s) or legal guardian(s)
  • Confirmation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) from urine or throat swab specimens by culture, shell vial, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests

  • Symptomatic congenital CMV disease, as manifest by one or more of the following:

    1. Thrombocytopenia
    2. Petechiae
    3. Hepatomegaly
    4. Splenomegaly
    5. Intrauterine growth restriction
    6. Hepatitis (elevated transaminases and/or bilirubin)
    7. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement of the CMV disease [such as microcephaly, radiographic abnormalities indicative of CMV CNS disease, abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indices for age, chorioretinitis, hearing deficits as detected by formal brainstem evoked response (not a screening auditory brainstem response {ABR}), and/or positive CMV PCR from CSF]
  • Less than or equal to 30 days of age at study enrollment
  • Weight at study enrollment greater than or equal to 1800 grams
  • Gestational age greater than or equal to 32 weeks at birth

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Imminent demise
  • Patients receiving other antiviral agents or immune globulin
  • Gastrointestinal abnormality which might preclude absorption of an oral medication (e.g., a history of necrotizing enterocolitis)
  • Documented renal insufficiency, as noted by a creatinine clearance less than 10 mL/min/1.73m^2 at time of study enrollment
  • Breastfeeding from mother who is receiving ganciclovir, valganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir, or maribivir
  • Infants known to be born to women who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive (but HIV testing is not required for study entry)
  • Current receipt of other investigational drugs
Contacts and Locations
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Information from the National Library of Medicine

To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.

Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00466817


Locations
Show Show 48 study locations
Sponsors and Collaborators
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
More Information
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Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):

Layout table for additonal information
Responsible Party: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00466817    
Other Study ID Numbers: 06-0046
CASG 112
First Posted: April 27, 2007    Key Record Dates
Results First Posted: November 13, 2013
Last Update Posted: August 26, 2015
Last Verified: July 2015
Keywords provided by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID):
Cytomegalovirus, congenital, infants
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Layout table for MeSH terms
Infections
Communicable Diseases
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Disease Attributes
Pathologic Processes
Herpesviridae Infections
 DNA Virus Infections
Virus Diseases
Valganciclovir
Antiviral Agents
Anti-Infective Agents