Prevalence of HIV and Tuberculosis in Masiphumelele Township, Cape Town, South Africa

• Number of Participants With Microbiologically Confirmed Pulmonary Tuberculosis [ Time Frame: Pulmonary Tuberculosis diagnosed from sputum sample obtained at the study visit ]
  Confirmed Pulmonary Tuberculosis based on the sputum smear and culture results. The sputum sample was obtained at the once off study visit.
  
  

• Number of Participants With a Positive HIV Test [ Time Frame: HIV status at the time of the study visit ]
  Prevalence of HIV in the community based on a positive oral mucosal transudate sample obtained at the once off study visit.
  
  

TB is the most common opportunistic infection among HIV infected people, and is the most common cause of death in HIV infected people in Africa. The Masiphumelele township of Cape Town, South Africa, with its high rates of TB and HIV, is representative of many poor communities of Africa. Via random sampling, this study will assess the prevalence of HIV and TB infections in the Masiphumelele township. Knowledge gained from this study will be used to predict if introducing antiretroviral therapy will reduce the prevalence of TB in this community.

Selection and enrollment of participants will last about 4 months. Potential participants will be visited in their homes by fieldworkers, who will explain the study. Participants will be invited to either go to the clinic on the day of the fieldworker's visit or to go on a different day. Participants who go to the clinic on the day of the visit will have two sputum samples collected with a nebulizer. Participants who do not go to the clinic on the visit day will be given a sputum sample bottle and will be asked to collect a sputum sample in the early morning the day before their clinic appointment. At the clinic appointment, another sputum sample will be collected from these participants. Direct smear acid-fast bacilli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures will be done on both sputum samples. Participants who test positive for TB will be referred for TB treatment at the clinic. Participants will also be asked to complete a study questionnaire and will undergo an anonymous oral HIV test at the clinic visit.