Postprandial Glycemia in Apple Products (PAP)

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03846986
• Recruitment Status: Completed
• First Posted: February 20, 2019
• Last Update Posted: July 14, 2020
• Sponsor: Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Illinois Institute of Technology
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Illinois Institute of Technology

Study Description

Brief Summary:

The primary objective of the study is to compare the effects of a whole apple, apple juice alone, and apple juice with pomace on 2 hr glycemic response as measured by maximal glucose concentration

Condition or disease	Intervention/treatment	Phase
Healthy	Dietary Supplement: Apple Juice1; Dietary Supplement: Apple Juice2; Dietary Supplement: Raw Apple	Not Applicable

Detailed Description:

This study is a randomized, 3-arm, within subject cross-over trial allowing for three acute evaluations of 100% Apple Juice (235 g), 100% Apple Juice with enzyme-treated apple pomace fiber (129 g apple juice with 106 g apple pomace), and raw apple (230 g with skin edible portion - not including core or stem) on glucose and insulin responses in fifty-two healthy men and women aged 20-45 years.

A planned sample size of 70 will be enrolled into the study. This study will require one initial screening visit and 3 study visits. This study will take approximately 3-4 weeks per subject to complete.

The initial screening visit will take ~2 hours and provide subject with the informed consent document and determine subject eligibility through anthropometric measurements, body composition measurement, vital signs, fasting blood glucose test (finger prick), a vein access scale evaluation, online 24-hr diet recall, and completion of a survey relate to general eating, health, and exercise habits. For women, a pregnancy test will be conducted.

If willing and eligible to participate, subjects will be invited to participate in the study for 3 study day visits. Eligible subjects will be instructed to follow a relatively low polyphenolic diet for at least 1-week prior the beginning of the study and continue for the duration of the study.

Each Study Day visit will last about ~3 hours. The day before each of the 3 Study Day visits, subjects will be asked to consume the same dinner meal and record on a food record. At each Study Day visit, subjects will arrive at the clinic after fasting for 10 to 12 hours and in a well-hydrated and well-rested state.

Each study visit will require blood draws throughout the visit. After evaluation of subject's health status (via anthropometric, vital sign and blood glucose measurements and in-person interview), a Licensed Health Care Professional will place a catheter in subject's arm for the purpose of multiple blood sample collections and take the initial blood draw in the fasting state. Subjects will be randomized to receive one of study products based on randomized treatment sequences for 3 study visits immediately after fasting blood draw.

Participants will come to the research site on 3 separate occasions separated by a washout period. On each occasion 2 fasting blood samples will be obtained at 5 min intervals (-5, 0 minute (min)). Subjects will then consume one of the 3 treatments. Further blood samples will be taken at 15, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min. Self-reported visual analog scales (VAS) will be used to measure subject hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food intake at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. After completion of all study procedures and data/sample collection for the day, the catheter will be removed and subjects will be evaluated for safety and/or discomfort/symptoms before leaving the study site. They will be given a take-home snack and given written instructions in preparation for the next visit. Study day visits will be scheduled at least 3 days apart but no more than 7 days.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)
• Actual Enrollment: 59 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single (Participant)
• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Official Title: Effect of Added Fruit Pomace Fiber and Whole Fruit on Postprandial Glycemia in Apple
• Actual Study Start Date: February 28, 2019
• Actual Primary Completion Date: June 12, 2020
• Actual Study Completion Date: June 12, 2020

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/treatment
Active Comparator: Apple Juice1; 100% Apple Juice	Dietary Supplement: Apple Juice1; Apple Juice1; Other Name: Apple Juice
Experimental: Apple Juice2; 100% Apple Juice with enzyme-treated apple pomace fiber	Dietary Supplement: Apple Juice2; 100% Apple Juice with enzyme-treated apple pomace fiber; Other Name: Apple Juice with Pomace Fiber
Placebo Comparator: Raw Apple; Raw Apple	Dietary Supplement: Raw Apple; Raw Apple

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures :

1. Plasma Glucose maximal concentration (Cmax) over 2 hours [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Plasma Glucose maximal concentration (Cmax) over 2 hours

Secondary Outcome Measures :

1. Changes in Plasma Glucose concentration as measured by incremental area under the curve (iAUC) over 2 hours [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Changes in plasma glucose concentration as measured by iAUC over a 2-hour Postprandial Test day after administration of active treatment compared to control treatment

Other Outcome Measures:

1. Time to plasma glucose maximal concentration (Tmax) over 2 hours [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Time to plasma glucose maximal concentration (Tmax) over 2 hours
2. Plasma Insulin Cmax over 2 hours [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Plasma Insulin Cmax over 2 hours
3. Changes in plasma insulin concentration as measured by iAUC over a 2-hour period Postprandial Test day after administration of active treatment compared to control treatment [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Plasma Insulin iAUC over 2 hours
4. Time to Plasma Insulin Maximal concentration (Tmax) over 2 hour2 [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Time to Plasma Insulin Maximal concentration (Tmax) over 2 hours
5. Changes in postprandial subjective satiety responses using visual analog scales (VAS) of Hunger over 2 hours [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Self-reported Subjective VAS of Hunger by placing a marker (ranged in 0 to 100 mm) on the line scale anchored by opposing terms(eg. From Extremely to Not at all) at designated timepoints
6. Changes in postprandial subjective satiety responses using visual analog scales (VAS) of Fullness over 2 hours [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Self-reported Subjective VAS of Fullness by placing a marker (ranged in 0 to 100 mm) on the line scale anchored by opposing terms (eg. From Extremely to Not at all) at designated timepoints
7. Changes in postprandial subjective satiety responses using visual analog scales (VAS) of desire to eat over 2 hours [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Self-reported Subjective VAS of Desire to eat by placing a marker (ranged in 0 to 100 mm) on the line scale anchored by opposing terms (eg. From Extremely to Not at all) at designated timepoints
8. Changes in postprandial subjective satiety responses using visual analog scales (VAS) of Prospective food intake over 2 hours [ Time Frame: Postprandial 2 hours ]
   Self-reported Subjective VAS of Prospective food intake by placing a marker (ranged in 0 to 100 mm) on the line scale anchored by opposing terms (eg. From Extremely to Not at all) at designated timepoints

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 20 Years to 45 Years (Adult)
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• • Subject is a male or female, 20-45 years of age, inclusive.

  • Subject has a BMI of 20.0-24.9 kg/m2, inclusive and weight ≥ 110 lb at screening visit.
  • Subject is willing to maintain his/her usual physical activity pattern throughout the study period.
  • Subject is willing to follow study instructions including compliance with dietary restrictions, consumption of study beverage, and study visit schedule.
  • Subject is judged to be in good health on the basis of the medical history.
  • Subject is willing to abstain from alcohol consumption for 24 hours prior to study visit.
  • Exercise to be maintained throughout study duration, including 3 days before study visit
  • Subject is willing to maintain stable dose of current vitamins, minerals, supplements and medications not interfering with study outcomes, including birth control, throughout study duration.
  • Subject understands the study procedures and signs forms documenting informed consent to participate in the study and authorization for release of relevant protected health information to the study Investigator/s and is willing to complete study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

• •Subject has fasting finger prick glucose >100 mg/dL.

  • Subject has uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mm Hg) at the screening visit.
  • Subject has had major trauma or a surgical event within 2 months of study visit 1.
  • Subject has had a weight change ≥4.5 kg within 2 months of visit, taking weight loss drugs, or has had bariatric surgery or other weight reduction surgery (ie. liposuction, laser fat removal, etc)
  • Subject has a history or presence of clinically important endocrine, cardiovascular (including, but not limited to, atherosclerotic disease, history of myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, stroke), pulmonary, biliary, or gastrointestinal disorders that, in the opinion of the Investigator, could interfere with the interpretation of the study results.
  • Subject has a history or presence of cancer in the prior 2 years, except for non-melanoma skin cancer.
  • Subject has a history of extreme dietary habits, as judged by the Investigator (e.g., Atkins diet, etc.).
  • Subject has a history of an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating) diagnosed by a health professional.
  • Subject has a known intolerance or sensitivity to any ingredients in the study products.
  • Subject has used medications known to influence carbohydrate metabolism, including, but not limited to adrenergic blockers, diuretics, hypoglycemic medications, and systemic corticosteroids 2 weeks prior to visit 1 and throughout the study.
  • Subject taking systemic steroids, extreme alcohol use, or drug user.
  • Subject has vein access score less than 7
  • Subject is a female, who is pregnant, planning to be pregnant during the study period or lactating.
  • Subject is a current smoker. Past smoker abstinence for less than 2 years.
  • Subject has participated in any clinical trial within 30d prior to enrollment.
  • No participation in another Sponsored protocol within 6 months prior to enrollment

Contacts and Locations

Locations

United States, Illinois

Clinical Nutrition Research Center

Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60616

Sponsors and Collaborators

Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Illinois Institute of Technology

Investigators

• Study Chair: Britt Burton-Freeman, Ph.D; Illinois Institute of Technology

More Information

• Responsible Party: Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Illinois Institute of Technology
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03846986
• Other Study ID Numbers: IRB2018-115
• First Posted: February 20, 2019
• Last Update Posted: July 14, 2020
• Last Verified: July 2020

Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement:

• Plan to Share IPD: No

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No

Keywords provided by Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Illinois Institute of Technology:

Apple pomace fiber; Glycemic response; Apple