Study of Anesthesia Techniques to Reduce Nausea and Vomiting After Jaw Corrective Surgery

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01592708
• Recruitment Status: Completed
• First Posted: May 7, 2012
• Results First Posted: August 6, 2014
• Last Update Posted: August 20, 2014
• Sponsor: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
• Collaborator: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Study Description

Brief Summary:

The purpose of this study is to determine whether a multi-modal anesthesia and pain control protocol reduces post-operative and post-discharge nausea and vomiting (PONV and PDNV) in patients undergoing upper jaw corrective surgery.

Condition or disease	Intervention/treatment	Phase
Post-operative Nausea; Post-operative Vomiting; Nausea Persistent	Other: Antiemetic anesthesia protocol	Not Applicable

Detailed Description:

Post-operative and post-discharge nausea and vomiting (PONV and PDNV) plague post-anesthesia and surgical care. This fact remains especially true for the orthognathic surgery (OS) population undergoing procedures involving the maxilla. Current data estimate that the incidence of PONV for OS patients undergoing surgery involving the maxilla is between 44% and 68% as compared to 8% to 30% in general surgical populations, despite application of conventional therapies. No one has accounted for or addressed this difference in clinical outcomes.

The implications of PONV for both individual health and overall health care system function are considerable. For individual patients, PONV can result in dehydration, wound dehiscence, intra-oral bleeding with continued swallowing of blood, significant anxiety and agitation (particularly for OS patients who often have heavy elastics closing their jaws together after surgery), and, in extreme cases, esophageal damage or the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Evidence shows fear of PONV overshadows concerns about pain in surgical patients. At the health care system level, evidence suggests PONV can significantly increase health care costs through prolonged post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stays and unplanned hospital admissions following outpatient procedures. In one seminal study the odds ratio for unplanned admission due to vomiting after intended outpatient surgery was 3.4, an alarmingly high figure exceeded only by the odds ratios for readmission due to pain or bleeding.

Established patient-related risk factors for PONV include female gender, tobacco abstinence, and history of prior PONV or motion sickness; additional patient factors may include younger age, low American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System status, anxiety, and a migraine headache history. Known anesthesia technique-related risk factors include volatile anesthetic and nitrous oxide use as well as excessive IV opioid administration. High dose neuromuscular blockade reversal agents have also been implicated. Surgery-related factors include duration of surgery and type of surgery, with OS ranking among the high-risk types.

Because PONV (and PDNV) prevention and treatment for the OS population remain under-investigated domains of clinical care, the investigators seek to address this deficiency through multi-modal prophylactic therapy. As more OS procedures are performed, many on an ambulatory basis, tactics to reduce the high incidence of PONV in this surgical population become important to maximize patient safety and satisfaction and to contain costs.

The investigators' protocol will synthesize several recommendations to reduce risk of PONV. Volatile anesthetics and nitrous oxide will be avoided in favor of a total intravenous (IV) anesthetic involving propofol, neostigmine will be minimized, hydration goals will be set, and opioid sparing analgesics will be utilized. It is recommended that patients at high risk for PONV receive combination therapy with prophylactic agents from multiple classes. Among those shown to reduce PONV are 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (such as ondansetron), droperidol, and dexamethasone. Transdermal (TD) scopolamine is another effective adjunctive therapy to reduce PONV. Additionally, the investigators posit that the constant swallowing of small amounts of oozing blood and its retention in the stomach following OS contribute to the high incidence of PONV and PDNV in the OS population. Thus sub-bacteriostatic doses of erythromycin, capitalizing on erythromycin's established properties as a motilin agonist and thus a pro-kinetic, will be added to the evidence-based multi-modal regimen. Erythromycin has been chosen over metoclopramide due to safety profile and its well-characterized impact on gastric motility and even PONV.

Rescue anti-nausea and anti-emetic therapy will be chosen from several options at the discretion of the treating physician. Options that work through several mechanisms have been selected based on the Society of Ambulatory Anesthesia Guidelines and on data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of over 2000 subjects.

Anesthesia variables as well as post-operative analgesic regimens are the primary targets of the investigators' multimodal regimen. Multimodal therapy has been shown to be superior to single agent therapy. One particularly compelling example showed a 98% response rate (no PONV) vs 76% among those receiving mono-therapy and 59% receiving routine anesthesia with placebo. Despite these reported successes, PONV remains a major problem for patients undergoing OS and many other procedures. This study represents one step towards understanding and addressing this significant peri-operative problem.

This proposed study will compare a cohort receiving a multimodal regimen with a retrospective control cohort reviewed in an IRB-approved study at the same institution. The investigators' re-use of the data adds no risk of harm or disclosure to the control subjects. Utilization of this retrospective control has an important advantage over a concurrent control: It allows comparison to a group treated at the same institution without the potential introduction of bias by alerting practitioners to the extent of the PONV problem in OS. The investigators believe that, as the under-recognition of the OS group as high-risk likely contributes to the high rate of PONV these patients experience, education of the anesthesia community introduces a potential confounding variable. Further, comparing practice "as is" to the proposed protocol maximizes generalizability to other institutions. If, as anticipated, significant reductions in PONV and PDNV experience are found, prospective randomized trials to tease out nuances of contributing factors could be undertaken.

Potential influencing patient- and surgery-related variables will be collected to allow comparison of the two cohorts using logistic regression analyses.

Even less well understood than PONV is PDNV; additional studies are needed to deepen understanding of the risk factors and treatment options for PDNV. A prior study from the investigators' institution demonstrated a high incidence of PDNV in the OS population - 43% experienced nausea and 23% vomited after discharge in contrast to general reported rates of 17% PDN and 8% PDV. This study should offer additional insight into PONV's less understood counterpart through diary review of patient's self-reported experience of PDNV following discharge from direct medical supervision.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)
• Actual Enrollment: 233 participants
• Allocation: N/A
• Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Official Title: A Prospective Evaluation of an Anesthesia Protocol to Reduce Post-operative and Post-discharge Nausea and Vomiting in a High Risk Orthognathic Surgery Population
• Study Start Date: June 2012
• Actual Primary Completion Date: February 2014
• Actual Study Completion Date: April 2014

Arms and Interventions

Arm

Intervention/treatment

Active Comparator: Antiemetic anesthesia protocol; Scopolamine 1.5 milligram(mg) patch Propofol infusion remifentanil infusion 250mg erythromycin po for 2 doses Solumedrol 0.625mg IV droperidol 4mg IV Ondansetron Ketorolac 30mg IV ibuprofen 600mg po q6h Fentanyl Hydrocodone/Tylenol po

Other: Antiemetic anesthesia protocol; Intervention group consisted of patients undergoing maxillary osteotomy who received an antiemetic protocol designed to provide multimodal antiemetic therapy which have been shown to help prevent and/or treat postoperative nausea, combined with the elimination of anesthetic factors that may contribute to postoperative nausea and vomiting.; Other Names: Scopolamine 1.5 milligram(mg) patch; Propofol infusion; remifentanil infusion; 250mg erythromycin po for 2 doses; Solumedrol; 0.625mg IV droperidol; 4mg IV Ondansetron; Ketorolac 30mg IV; ibuprofen 600mg po q6h; Fentanyl; Hydrocodone/Tylenol po

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures :

1. Post-operative Nausea [ Time Frame: End of surgery to discharge from hospital ]
   End of surgery time determined by anesthesia portion of the medical record. PONV to be assessed by review of surgeons' and nurses' notes in the medical record as well as through review of patient diaries. Vomiting constitutes a safety issue and, as such, associated adverse events will be noted.
2. Post-operative Vomiting [ Time Frame: End of surgery to discharge from hospital ]

Secondary Outcome Measures :

1. Hospital Length of Stay [ Time Frame: Anesthesia start time to placement of hospital discharge order - average 26 - 28 hours ]
   Anesthesia start time determined from anesthesia portion of the medical record. Time at which discharge order was placed will serve as time of discharge.
2. Post-discharge Nausea [ Time Frame: 1 week from discharge from hospital ]
   To be assessed based on patient diary completed daily for 1 week following discharge to home from the hospital
3. Post-discharge Vomiting [ Time Frame: 1 week post discharge ]

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 15 Years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• 15 years old or older
• Undergoing elective orthognathic surgery involving a maxillary osteotomy

Exclusion Criteria:

• uncontrolled GERD or hiatal hernia
• glaucoma
• seizure disorder
• COPD
• obstructive sleep apnea
• chronic kidney disease stage III or greater
• known prolonged QT interval (QTc > 460) or the same found incidentally
• history of severe constipation
• pre-existing chronic nausea or vomiting
• allergies or contraindications to protocol medications
• patient insistence on inhalational induction of anesthesia.

Contacts and Locations

Locations

United States, North Carolina

UNC-Chapel Hill

Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27514

Sponsors and Collaborators

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)

Investigators

• Study Chair: Ceib Philllips, PhD, MPH; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

More Information

Publications:

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Gan TJ, Meyer T, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Eubanks S, Kovac A, Philip BK, Sessler DI, Temo J, Tramèr MR, Watcha M; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center. Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2003 Jul;97(1):62-71, table of contents. Review.

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Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, Kerger H, Turan A, Vedder I, Zernak C, Danner K, Jokela R, Pocock SJ, Trenkler S, Kredel M, Biedler A, Sessler DI, Roewer N; IMPACT Investigators. A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 10;350(24):2441-51.

Tramèr MR, Fuchs-Buder T. Omitting antagonism of neuromuscular block: effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting and risk of residual paralysis. A systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 1999 Mar;82(3):379-86.

Fortney JT, Gan TJ, Graczyk S, Wetchler B, Melson T, Khalil S, McKenzie R, Parrillo S, Glass PS, Moote C, Wermeling D, Parasuraman TV, Duncan B, Creed MR. A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of ondansetron versus droperidol as antiemetics for elective outpatient surgical procedures. S3A-409 and S3A-410 Study Groups. Anesth Analg. 1998 Apr;86(4):731-8.

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Apfel CC, Zhang K, George E, Shi S, Jalota L, Hornuss C, Fero KE, Heidrich F, Pergolizzi JV, Cakmakkaya OS, Kranke P. Transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2010 Nov;32(12):1987-2002. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.11.014. Review. Erratum in: Clin Ther. 2010 Dec;32(14):2502.

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Scuderi PE, James RL, Harris L, Mims GR 3rd. Multimodal antiemetic management prevents early postoperative vomiting after outpatient laparoscopy. Anesth Analg. 2000 Dec;91(6):1408-14.

Phillips C, Blakey G 3rd. Short-term recovery after orthognathic surgery: a medical daily diary approach. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Oct;37(10):892-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2008.07.005. Epub 2008 Sep 2.

Lu CW, Jean WH, Wu CC, Shieh JS, Lin TY. Antiemetic efficacy of metoclopramide and diphenhydramine added to patient-controlled morphine analgesia: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010 Dec;27(12):1052-7. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32833f53b8.

Kovac AL. Prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Drugs. 2000 Feb;59(2):213-43. Review.

• Responsible Party: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01592708
• Other Study ID Numbers: 12-0622; R01DE005215 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
• First Posted: May 7, 2012
• Results First Posted: August 6, 2014
• Last Update Posted: August 20, 2014
• Last Verified: June 2014

Keywords provided by University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill:

orthognathic surgery; maxillary osteotomy; post operative nausea vomiting; post discharge nausea vomiting; anesthesia

Additional relevant MeSH terms:

Nausea; Vomiting; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Signs and Symptoms, Digestive; Postoperative Complications; Pathologic Processes; Erythromycin; Ibuprofen; Ketorolac; Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate; Fentanyl; Scopolamine; Droperidol; Remifentanil; Hydrocodone; Ondansetron; Antiemetics; Propofol; Anesthetics; Central Nervous System Depressants; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, General; Analgesics, Opioid; Narcotics; Analgesics; Sensory System Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Adjuvants, Anesthesia