Delays to Influence Snack Choice (DISC)

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ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02359916

Recruitment Status : Completed

First Posted : February 10, 2015

Results First Posted : January 26, 2018

Last Update Posted : February 23, 2018

Sponsor:

Information provided by (Responsible Party):

Brad Appelhans, Rush University Medical Center

Study Type	Observational
Study Design	Observational Model: Ecologic or Community; Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional
Condition	Food Choice
Interventions	Other: Time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks Other: 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks Other: 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks
Enrollment	32662

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details
Pre-assignment Details


Arm/Group Title	Baseline 1		Discount Only		Delay Only		Delay + Discount		Tax Only		Delay + Tax		Baseline 2
Arm/Group Description	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no...		Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0....		Less healthy snacks sold at equal p...		Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25...		Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...		Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...		Snacks sold under equal pricing, no...
Arm/Group Description	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no delays. Baseline 1 was always the first condition at all vending sites.		Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, no delays 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks		Less healthy snacks sold at equal pricing with delays 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks		Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, plus delays on less healthy snacks 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks		Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, no delays 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks		Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, plus delays Time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks		Snacks sold under equal pricing, no delays. Baseline 2 was always the last condition at all vending sites.
Period Title: Overall Study
	Number of participants	Number of units (Vends)	Number of participants	Number of units (Vends)	Number of participants	Number of units (Vends)	Number of participants	Number of units (Vends)	Number of participants	Number of units (Vends)	Number of participants	Number of units (Vends)	Number of participants	Number of units (Vends)
Started ^[1]	NA ^[2]	5481	NA ^[2]	5784	NA ^[2]	7473	NA ^[2]	1996	NA ^[2]	2846	NA ^[2]	3438	NA ^[2]	5644
Completed	NA ^[2]	5481	NA ^[2]	5784	NA ^[2]	7473	NA ^[2]	1996	NA ^[2]	2846	NA ^[2]	3438	NA ^[2]	5644
Not Completed	NA	0	NA	0	NA	0	NA	0	NA	0	NA	0	NA	0
[1] The unit of analysis for this study was vending machine sales ("vends"). [2] The number of unique individuals in this study is unknown

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title		Baseline 1	Discount Only	Delay Only	Delay + Discount	Tax Only	Delay + Tax	Baseline 2	Total
Arm/Group Description		Snacks sold under equal pricing, no...	Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0....	Less healthy snacks sold at equal p...	Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25...	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no...	Total of all reporting groups
Arm/Group Description		Snacks sold under equal pricing, no delays. Baseline 1 was always the first condition at all vending sites.	Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, no delays 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at equal pricing with delays 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks	Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, plus delays on less healthy snacks 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, no delays 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, plus delays Time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no delays. Baseline 2 was always the last condition at all vending sites.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Number of Baseline Participants		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Baseline Analysis Population Description		...
Baseline Analysis Population Description		The unit of analysis for this study were vending machine sales ("vends"). No data was collected from individual participants. The number of unique individuals in this study is unknown.
Age, Customized ^[1]	Number Analyzed	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants
		[1] Measure Description: Age was not collected in this study
Sex/Gender, Customized ^[1]	Number Analyzed	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants
		[1] Measure Description: Sex/Gender was not collected in this study
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected ^[1]	Number Analyzed	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants	0 participants
		[1] Measure Analysis Population Description: Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.

Outcome Measures

1.Primary Outcome


Title	Proportion of Healthy Snacks Purchased
Description	For each experimental condition, we will calculate the proportion of h...
Description	For each experimental condition, we will calculate the proportion of healthy vs unhealthy snacks sold over 4 weeks.
Time Frame	28 weeks per vending location

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

In this table, each vend is treated as an analyzed participant. No data were collected from individual human subjects. Analyses included all available data on healthy and regular snack vends. Data from Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 were combined into a single arm/group ("Baseline") in statistical analyses.


Arm/Group Title	Baseline	Discount Only	Delay Only	Delay + Discount	Tax Only	Delay + Tax
Arm/Group Description:	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no...	Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0....	Less healthy snacks sold at equal p...	Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25...	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...
Arm/Group Description:	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no delays. Data from Baseline 1 and 2 were combined in this analysis.	Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, no delays 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at equal pricing with delays 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks	Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, plus delays on less healthy snacks 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, no delays 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, plus delays Time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks
Overall Number of Participants Analyzed	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Overall Number of Units Analyzed Type of Units Analyzed: Vends	11125	5784	7473	1996	2846	3438
Measure Type: Number Unit of Measure: proportion of vends from healthy snacks
	.403	.431	.429	.465	.542	.501

2.Secondary Outcome


Title	Total Daily Vending Revenue in US$/Day
Description	Total vending machine revenue under each condition
Description	Total vending machine revenue under each condition
Time Frame	Number of days per condition were as follows - Baseline: 119 days, Discount only: 59 days, Delay only: 68 days, Delay + Discount: 49 days, Tax only: 73 days, Delay + Tax: 60 days

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The unit of analysis is vending revenue per day ($/day). Data from Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 were combined into a single arm/group ("Baseline") in this analysis.


Arm/Group Title	Baseline	Discount Only	Delay Only	Delay + Discount	Tax Only	Delay + Tax
Arm/Group Description:	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no...	Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0....	Less healthy snacks sold at equal p...	Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25...	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...
Arm/Group Description:	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no delays	Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, no delays 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at equal pricing with delays 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks	Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, plus delays on less healthy snacks 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, no delays 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, plus delays Time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks
Overall Number of Participants Analyzed	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Overall Number of Units Analyzed Type of Units Analyzed: Days	119	59	68	49	73	60
Mean (Standard Deviation) Unit of Measure: $/day
	45.4 (31.6)	42.1 (33.3)	44.6 (27.7)	35.9 (21.0)	46.4 (35.6)	51.9 (66.5)

Adverse Events

Time Frame	[Not Specified]
Adverse Event Reporting Description	Adverse events were not collected in this study.

Arm/Group Title	Baseline	Discount Only	Delay Only	Delay + Discount	Tax Only	Delay + Tax
Arm/Group Description	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no...	Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0....	Less healthy snacks sold at equal p...	Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25...	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or ...
Arm/Group Description	Snacks sold under equal pricing, no delays	Healthier snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, no delays 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at equal pricing with delays 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks	Healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 discount, plus delays on less healthy snacks 25-second time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 discount on healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, no delays 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks	Less healthy snacks sold at 25% or $0.25 higher price, plus delays Time delays on delivery of less healthy snacks 25%/$0.25 tax on less healthy snacks
All-Cause Mortality
	Baseline	Discount Only	Delay Only	Delay + Discount	Tax Only	Delay + Tax
	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)
Total	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0
Serious Adverse Events Serious Adverse Events
	Baseline	Discount Only	Delay Only	Delay + Discount	Tax Only	Delay + Tax
	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)
Total	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
Frequency Threshold for Reporting Other Adverse Events	0%
	Baseline	Discount Only	Delay Only	Delay + Discount	Tax Only	Delay + Tax
	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)	Affected / at Risk (%)
Total	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0

Limitations and Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.

Results Point of Contact

Layout table for Results Point of Contact information

Name/Title:	Brad Appelhans, PhD (PI)
Organization:	Rush University Medical Center
Phone:	312-942-3477
EMail:	brad_appelhans@rush.edu

Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):

Appelhans BM, French SA, Olinger T, Bogucki M, Janssen I, Avery-Mamer EF, Powell LM. Leveraging delay discounting for health: Can time delays influence food choice? Appetite. 2018 Jul 1;126:16-25. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.03.010. Epub 2018 Mar 15.

Layout table for additonal information

Responsible Party:	Brad Appelhans, Rush University Medical Center
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:	NCT02359916
Other Study ID Numbers:	13012802
First Submitted:	February 2, 2015
First Posted:	February 10, 2015
Results First Submitted:	February 1, 2017
Results First Posted:	January 26, 2018
Last Update Posted:	February 23, 2018

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