Trial of Early Therapies During Non-hospitalized Outpatient Window for COVID-19 (TREATNOW)

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04372628
• Recruitment Status: Completed
• First Posted: May 4, 2020
• Results First Posted: January 26, 2023
• Last Update Posted: January 26, 2023
• Sponsor: Vanderbilt University Medical Center
• Collaborator: AbbVie
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): Todd Rice, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Tracking Information

• First Submitted Date: April 30, 2020
• First Posted Date: May 4, 2020
• Results First Submitted Date: August 30, 2022
• Results First Posted Date: January 26, 2023
• Last Update Posted Date: January 26, 2023
• Actual Study Start Date: June 1, 2020
• Actual Primary Completion Date: December 16, 2021 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)

Current Primary Outcome Measures (submitted: October 26, 2022)

Modified COVID Ordinal Outcomes Scale: Study Day 15 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 15 ]

Improvement of clinical condition of the participant defined by the Modified COVID Ordinal Outcomes Scale (Modified from the COVID-19 WHO ordinal Outcomes score to fit the outpatient setting). This scale reflects a range of participants from dead to not hospitalized and with no limitations to activities of daily living. A score of 1 is "death", 2 is "Hospitalized on mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO)", 3 is "Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen", 4 is "Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen", 5 is "Not hospitalized with symptoms and limitation in activity", 6 is "Not hospitalized with symptoms but with no limitation in activity", 7 is "Not hospitalized without symptoms nor limitation in activity". COVID outcomes are more severe at the lower end of the scale and milder at the higher end of the scale for this outpatient trial.

Original Primary Outcome Measures (submitted: April 30, 2020)

Modified COVID Ordinal Outcomes Scale: Study Day 15 [ Time Frame: Day 15 ]

1. Death
2. Hospitalized on mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO)
3. Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen
4. Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen
5. Not hospitalized with symptoms and limitation in activity
6. Not hospitalized with symptoms but with no limitation in activity
7. Not hospitalized without symptoms nor limitation in activity symptoms at the milder end of the scale for this outpatient trial

Current Secondary Outcome Measures (submitted: January 9, 2023)

• Modified COVID Ordinal Outcome Scale: Study Day 8 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: on or at Day 8 ]
  Improvement of clinical condition of the participant defined by the Modified COVID Ordinal Outcomes Scale (Modified from the COVID-19 WHO ordinal Outcomes score to fit the outpatient setting). This scale reflects a range of participants from dead to not hospitalized and with no limitations to activities of daily living. A score of 1 is "death", 2 is "Hospitalized on mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO)", 3 is "Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen", 4 is "Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen", 5 is "Not hospitalized with symptoms and limitation in activity", 6 is "Not hospitalized with symptoms but with no limitation in activity", 7 is "Not hospitalized without symptoms nor limitation in activity". COVID outcomes are more severe at the lower end of the scale and milder at the higher end of the scale for this outpatient trial.
• Modified COVID Ordinal Outcome Scale: Study Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: on or at Day 29 ]
  Improvement of clinical condition of the participant defined by the Modified COVID Ordinal Outcomes Scale (Modified from the COVID-19 WHO ordinal Outcomes score to fit the outpatient setting). This scale reflects a range of participants from dead to not hospitalized and with no limitations to activities of daily living. A score of 1 is "death", 2 is "Hospitalized on mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO)", 3 is "Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen", 4 is "Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen", 5 is "Not hospitalized with symptoms and limitation in activity", 6 is "Not hospitalized with symptoms but with no limitation in activity", 7 is "Not hospitalized without symptoms nor limitation in activity". COVID outcomes are more severe at the lower end of the scale and milder at the higher end of the scale for this outpatient trial.
• Number of Patients Hospitalized: Day 1 to 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of patients hospitalized from Day 1 to 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)
• Time to Hospitalization Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days from enrollment to hospitalization (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)
• Time to Symptom Resolution: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days from enrollment to resolution of COVID-19 symptoms (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)
• All-cause, All-location Mortality: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Survival status (All-cause, all-location mortality) from Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)
• Oxygen-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of Days without oxygen Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)
• Fever-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days without fever from Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)
• Ventilator-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days without ventilator use from Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)
• ICU-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days outside the ICU from Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)
• Hospital-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days outside the hospital from Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)
• Vasopressor-free Days Through Study Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of vasopressor-free days through Study Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)

Original Secondary Outcome Measures (submitted: April 30, 2020)

• Modified COVID Ordinal Outcome Scale: Study Day 8 [ Time Frame: Day 8 ]
  1. Death
  2. Hospitalized on mechanical ventilation or ECMO
  3. Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen
  4. Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen
  5. Not hospitalized with symptoms and limitation in activity
  6. Not hospitalized with symptoms but with no limitation in activity
  7. Not hospitalized without symptoms nor limitation in activity
• Modified COVID Ordinal Outcome Scale: Study Day 29 [ Time Frame: Day 29 ]
  1. Death
  2. Hospitalized on mechanical ventilation or ECMO
  3. Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen
  4. Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen
  5. Not hospitalized with symptoms and limitation in activity
  6. Not hospitalized with symptoms but with no limitation in activity
  7. Not hospitalized without symptoms nor limitation in activity Ordinal Scale
• Proportion of patients hospitalized: Day 1 to 29 [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Proportion hospitalized
• Time to hospitalization Day 1 to Day 29 [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days from enrollment to hospitalization
• Time to symptom resolution: Day 1 to Day 29 [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days from enrollment to resolution of COVID-19 symptoms
• All-cause, all-location mortality: Day 1 to Day 29 [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Survival status
• Oxygen-free days: Day 1 to Day 29 [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of Days without oxygen
• Fever-free days: Day 1 to Day 29 [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days without fever
• Ventilator-free days: Day 1 to Day 29 [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days without ventilator use
• ICU-free days: Day 1 to Day 29 [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days outside the ICU
• Hospital-free days: Day 1 to Day 29 [ Time Frame: Day 1 to Day 29 ]
  Number of days outside the hospital

• Current Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures: Not Provided
• Original Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures: Not Provided

Descriptive Information

• Brief Title: Trial of Early Therapies During Non-hospitalized Outpatient Window for COVID-19
• Official Title: Trial of Early Therapies During Non-hospitalized Outpatient Window (TREAT NOW) for COVID-19
• Brief Summary: Blinded, multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial evaluating lopinavir/ritonavir vs placebo in early outpatient treatment of adults with COVID-19
• Detailed Description: We will conduct an investigator-initiated, multicenter, blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial evaluating lopinavir/ritonavir vs placebo for early treatment of adults with COVID-19 in the outpatient setting prior to hospitalization. Patients, treating clinicians, and study personnel will all be blinded to study group assignment.
• Study Type: Interventional
• Study Phase: Phase 2

Study Design

Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Sequential Assignment
Intervention Model Description:

Blinded, multicenter, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

Masking: Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator)
Masking Description:

Lopinavir/Ritonavir tablets or unmatched placebo tablets

Primary Purpose: Treatment

• Condition: COVID-19

Intervention

• Drug: Lopinavir/Ritonavir 400 mg/100 mg
  Lopinavir/Ritonavir tablets
  Other Name: Kaletra
• Other: Placebo
  Unmatched placebo

Study Arms

• Active Comparator: Group 1 - Lopinavir/Ritonavir
  Lopinavir/Ritonavir 400 mg/100 mg orally twice daily for twenty-eight doses (Days 1-14)
  Intervention: Drug: Lopinavir/Ritonavir 400 mg/100 mg
• Placebo Comparator: Control Group
  Placebo unmatched orally twice daily for 14 days
  Intervention: Other: Placebo

Publications *

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• Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS; China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):1708-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. Epub 2020 Feb 28.
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• Kaizer AM, Wild J, Lindsell CJ, Rice TW, Self WH, Brown S, Thompson BT, Hart KW, Smith C, Pulia MS, Shapiro NI, Ginde AA. Trial of Early Antiviral Therapies during Non-hospitalized Outpatient Window (TREAT NOW) for COVID-19: a summary of the protocol and analysis plan for a decentralized randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2022 Apr 8;23(1):273. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06213-z.

Recruitment Information

• Recruitment Status: Completed
• Actual Enrollment (submitted: October 26, 2022): 452
• Original Estimated Enrollment (submitted: April 30, 2020): 900
• Actual Study Completion Date: January 18, 2022
• Actual Primary Completion Date: December 16, 2021 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥18 years
2. Laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or other molecular test collected within the past 6 days
3. Current symptoms of acute respiratory infection for ≤6 days, defined as one or more of the following: cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, body aches, weakness/fatigue.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Prisoner
2. Pregnancy
3. Breast feeding
4. Two individuals from the same household are not enrolled in the study
5. Unable to randomize within 6 days after onset of acute respiratory infection symptoms
6. Hospitalization within the 6 days prior to randomization
7. Inability to swallow oral medications
8. Refusal or inability to be contacted and participate in daily symptom/safety monitoring in English or Spanish during the two-week follow-up period
9. Previous enrollment in this trial
10. Known severe chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis
11. Known severe liver disease [cirrhosis or >3 times upper limit of normal for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in medical record if available]
12. Known hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection
13. Known history of jaundice
14. Current heavy alcohol use, defined as 8 drinks or more per week for women or 15 drinks or more per week for men
15. Known seizure disorder
16. Known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
17. Known history of pancreatitis
18. Known history of prolonged QT interval [Long QT Syndrome, patient report, or corrected QT interval (QTc) >500 milliseconds on most recently available electrocardiogram within the past 2 years]
19. Receipt of >1 dose of lopinavir/ritonavir in the 10 days prior to enrollment
20. Known allergy to lopinavir/ritonavir

21. Currently prescribed (with planned continuation) or planned administration during 14-day study period of medication at high risk for QT prolongation as follows:

    Antiarrhythmics: Amiodarone, disopyramide, dofetilide, dronedarone, flecainide, ibutilide, procainamide, propafenone, quinidine, sotalol Anti-cancer: Arsenic trioxide, oxaliplatin, vandetanib Antidepressants: Amitriptyline, citalopram, escitalopram, imipramine Antimicrobials: azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, fluconazole, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, pentamidine, hydroxychloroquine Antipsychotics: haloperidol, chlorpromazine, droperidol, olanzapine, pimozide, quetiapine, thioridazine, risperidone, ziprasidone Others: cilostazol, cimetidine, cisapride, donepezil, methadone, ondansetron, sumatriptan

22. Currently prescribed (with planned continuation) or planned administration during 14-day study period of any of the following medications: alfuzosin, apalutamide, astemizole, ergot-containing medicines (including dihydroergotamine mesylate, ergotamine tartrate, methylergonovine), lomitapide, lovastatin, lurasidone, midazolam, phenobarbital, phenytoin, ranolazine, rifampin, sildenafil, simvastatin, St. John's Wort, terfenadine, triazolam. Patients who are on warfarin or fluticasone will be advised to contact their primary care provider to advise them that they are in the trial and possibly receiving lopinavir/ritonavir which can influence levels of either drug and may require more frequent monitoring.

Sex/Gender

• Sexes Eligible for Study: All

• Ages: 18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Contacts: Contact information is only displayed when the study is recruiting subjects
• Listed Location Countries: United States

Administrative Information

• NCT Number: NCT04372628
• Other Study ID Numbers: 200827
• Has Data Monitoring Committee: Yes

U.S. FDA-regulated Product

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No
• Product Manufactured in and Exported from the U.S.: No

IPD Sharing Statement

• Plan to Share IPD: No

• Current Responsible Party: Todd Rice, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
• Original Responsible Party: Same as current
• Current Study Sponsor: Vanderbilt University Medical Center
• Original Study Sponsor: Same as current
• Collaborators: AbbVie

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Todd Rice, MD; Vanderbilt University Medical Center

• PRS Account: Vanderbilt University Medical Center
• Verification Date: January 2023