A Dose-Finding Study of AG-348 in Sickle Cell Disease

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04000165
• Recruitment Status: Completed
• First Posted: June 27, 2019
• Results First Posted: July 12, 2022
• Last Update Posted: July 12, 2022
• Sponsor: National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)
• Collaborators: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): Swee Lay Thein, M.D., National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)

Tracking Information

• First Submitted Date: June 22, 2019
• First Posted Date: June 27, 2019
• Results First Submitted Date: May 6, 2022
• Results First Posted Date: July 12, 2022
• Last Update Posted Date: July 12, 2022
• Actual Study Start Date: July 11, 2019
• Actual Primary Completion Date: June 21, 2021 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)

Current Primary Outcome Measures (submitted: June 17, 2022)

• Number Participants With Most Common Reported Drug Related Adverse Events [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess the clinical safety and tolerability of multiple escalating doses of AG-348, an allosteric activator of the enzyme pyruvate kinase, in subjects with stable sickle cell disease (SCD). Safety and tolerability were assessed by frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs) using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) 5.0.
• Number Participants With Serious Adverse Events That Were Possibly Drug-related Serious Adverse Events [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess the clinical safety and tolerability of multiple escalating doses of AG-348, an allosteric activator of the enzyme pyruvate kinase, in subjects with stable sickle cell disease (SCD). Safety and tolerability were assessed by frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs) using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) 5.0.
• Number Participants With Increase of ≥ 1 g/dL in Hemoglobin [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess the clinical safety and tolerability of multiple escalating doses of AG-348, an allosteric activator of the enzyme pyruvate kinase, in subjects with stable sickle cell disease (SCD). Safety and tolerability were assessed by defined as a ≥ 1 g/dL increase in hemoglobin at any dose level compared to baseline.

Original Primary Outcome Measures (submitted: June 26, 2019)

safety and tolerability [ Time Frame: day 51 ]

frequency and severity of AEs, and changes in laboratory parameters, including levels in hemoglobin, reticulocyte counts, bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase

Current Secondary Outcome Measures (submitted: June 17, 2022)

• Change in Hemoglobin at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess change in hemoglobin in stable sickle cell disease participants at each dose level of AG-348
• Change in Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase (LDH) at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess change in lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) in stable sickle cell disease participants at each dose level of AG-348
• Change in Total Bilirubin at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess change in total bilirubin in stable sickle cell disease participants at each dose level of AG-348
• Change in Absolute Reticulocyte Count at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess change in absolute reticulocyte count in stable sickle cell disease participants at each dose level of AG-348
• Change in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess change in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in stable sickle cell disease participants at each dose level of AG-348
• Change in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess change in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in stable sickle cell disease participants at each dose level of AG-348
• Change in Fetal Hemoglobin at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To assess the change in fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in stable sickle cell disease participants at each dose level of AG-348
• Percent Change From Baseline of 2,3-DPG at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To understand the mechanisms of action of AG- 348 on the glycolytic pathway in sickle cell disease through laboratory studies of specific pharmacodynamics of 2,3-DPG at each dose level of AG-348.
• Percent Change From Baseline of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To understand the mechanisms of action of AG- 348 on the glycolytic pathway in sickle cell disease through laboratory studies of specific pharmacodynamics of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at each dose level of AG-348.
• Percent Change From Baseline in Oxygen Binding p50 Value at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  Measure percent change from baseline in oxygen binding p50 value at each dose level of AG-348
• Percent Change in Time (Mins) at Which 50% of Red Blood Cells Are Sickled (t50) Value at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  Measure percent change in Time (mins) at which 50% of red blood cells are sickled (t50) Value at Each Dose Level of AG-348
• Percent Change of PK-R at Each Dose Level of AG-348 [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
  To understand the mechanisms of action of AG- 348 on the glycolytic pathway in sickle cell disease through laboratory studies of specific pharmacodynamics of PK-R at each dose level of AG-348.

Original Secondary Outcome Measures (submitted: June 26, 2019)

PK & PD [ Time Frame: day 51 ]

RBC 2,3-DPG activities from baseline, 2,3-DPG, ATP levels at different doses of AG-348 and change from baseline etc.

• Current Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures: Not Provided
• Original Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures: Not Provided

Descriptive Information

• Brief Title: A Dose-Finding Study of AG-348 in Sickle Cell Disease
• Official Title: A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Escalating Multiple Oral Doses of AG-348 in Subjects With Stable Sickle Cell Disease

Brief Summary

Background:

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder. People with SCD have abnormal hemoglobin in their red blood cells. Researchers are investigating the safety and efficacy of an investigational medicine called AG-348 (mitapivat sulfate) to determine if it will help people with SCD.

Objective:

To test the tolerability and safety of AG-348 in people with SCD.

Eligibility:

People ages 18 and older with SCD.

Design:

Participants will have 8 visits over approximately 14 weeks. At the first visit participants will be screened with a medical history, a physical exam, blood and urine testing, and an EKG. During the following 5 visits, participants will stay at the clinic for 1 night each. Participants will take study drug in increasing doses up to visit 6, after which the drug will be tapered off. All visits will include physical exam, blood, and urine tests. The last visit will occur 4 weeks after stopping the drug. Participants will provide DNA from the blood samples they provide. The DNA will be tested for an inherited gene that can cause differences in response to the study drug. Researchers may also test other genes to see if they can find any genes that interact with SCD.

Detailed Description

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a multisystem disorder associated with episodes of acute clinical events and progressive organ damage. Episodic pain, triggered by micro-vasoocclusion induced by sickled red blood cells, is the most common acute complication and the leading cause of hospitalization. Management strategies for SCD have evolved very slowly, and treatment of acute pain is still limited to supportive therapy with opioid medication. Until recently in 2017, the only approved therapy for SCD was hydroxyurea (HU), indicated to reduce frequency of acute painful crises but not universally effective. In addition to HU, transfusions with normal red blood cells are widely used to treat severe sickle crises, but this strategy has limitations (not uniformly accessible, accompanied by risks of alloimmunization, hemolytic transfusion reactions and transfusional iron overload). The only curative treatment is bone marrow transplantation, but this option carries significant risks and is limited by the availability of histocompatible donors.

As the root cause of SCD is polymerization of deoxy-HbS, there is a strong rationale for exploring agents that could inhibit/ reduce the polymerization process itself. HbS polymerizes only when deoxygenated, its oxygenation is influenced by a few factors, one key factor being the 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration in the red blood cell. 2,3-DPG decreases oxygen binding by preferentially binding to the low oxygen-affinity T conformation of HbS and also stabilizes the T form of hemoglobin S and HbS fiber. In addition, increased 2,3- DPG concentration decreases intracellular red cell pH further promoting HbS polymerization. 2,3-DPG is an intermediate substrate in the glycolytic pathway, the only source of ATP production in red blood cells. Pyruvate kinase (PK) is a key enzyme in the final step of glycolysis; PK converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, creating 50% of the total red cell ATP that is essential for maintaining integrity of the red cell membrane. Reduced PK activity leads to accumulation of the upstream enzyme substrates, including 2,3- DPG, that favors polymerization of deoxy-HbS. In humans with SCD, and even in sickle carriers who are generally asymptomatic, reduced oxygen affinity will favor deoxygenation of HbS and its polymerization, and thus sickling. Indeed, the combination of PK deficiency and sickle cell trait causing an acute sickling syndrome has been previously reported in two cases.

Current approaches to reduce HbS polymerization include fetal hemoglobin induction via multiple strategies and drugs that targets HbS polymerization through increasing affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (eg. Oxbryta (TM) / Voxelotor / GBT440).

Increasing red cell PK (PK-R) activity, leading to a decrease in intracellular 2,3-DPG concentration, presents a potentially attractive therapeutic target for thwarting HbS polymerization and acute sickle pain. AG-348 / mitapivat is a novel, orally bioavailable, small molecule allosteric activator of PK-R, that is currently in Phase II/III clinical trials in humans with PK deficiency (NCT02476916, NCT03548220 / AG348-C-006; NCT03559699 / AG348-C-007). Overview of the preclinical AG-348 data and other data support dose-dependent changes in blood glycolytic intermediates consistent with glycolytic pathway activation at all multiple ascending doses tested, supporting the potential role of AG-348 in the treatment of sickle cell disease. The overall objective of the present study is to determine the clinical safety and tolerability of AG-348 in subjects with SCD.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Study Phase: Early Phase 1
• Study Design: Allocation: N/A; Intervention Model: Sequential Assignment; Masking: None (Open Label); Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Condition: Sickle Cell Disease

Intervention

Drug: AG-348

This is a nonrandomized, intra-patient dose escalating clinical study. AG-348 will be administered starting at 5 mg twice a day, increasing to 20 mg twice a day, to maximum 50 mg or 100 mg twice a day. Dosing period is every 2 weeks at each dose level. Dose taper will start on Day 42 (50 mg) or Day 56 (100 mg) with dose reduced over 12 to 15 days.

Other Name: Mitapivat

Study Arms

Experimental: AG-348 in participants with Sickle Cell Disease

Intra-patient dose escalating study, starting with 5 mg twice a day, increasing to 20 mg twice a day, to maximum 50 mg or 100 mg twice a day. Dosing period is every 2 weeks at each dose level. Dose taper will start on Day 42 (50 mg) or Day 56 (100 mg) with dose reduced over 12 to 15 days.

Intervention: Drug: AG-348

• Publications *: Xu JZ, Conrey A, Frey I, Gwaabe E, Menapace LA, Tumburu L, Lundt M, Lequang T, Li Q, Glass K, Dunkelberger EB, Iyer V, Mangus H, Kung C, Dang L, Kosinski PA, Hawkins P, Jeffries N, Eaton WA, Lay Thein S. A phase 1 dose escalation study of the pyruvate kinase activator mitapivat (AG-348) in sickle cell disease. Blood. 2022 Nov 10;140(19):2053-2062. doi: 10.1182/blood.2022015403.

Recruitment Information

• Recruitment Status: Completed
• Actual Enrollment (submitted: September 9, 2021): 17
• Original Estimated Enrollment (submitted: June 26, 2019): 25
• Actual Study Completion Date: June 21, 2021
• Actual Primary Completion Date: June 21, 2021 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)

Eligibility Criteria

• INCLUSION CRITIERIA:

For enrollment, subjects must meet all of the following criteria during the screening period:

1. Have provided signed written informed consent prior to performing any study procedure, including screening procedures.
2. Age between 18-70 years
3. Unequivocal diagnosis of HbSS confirmed by hemoglobin electrophoresis performed on patients at least 90 days after a blood transfusion if previously transfused, or DNA genotyping
4. No transfusion in the 90 days prior to the first dose of study drug or absence of HbA on hemoglobin analysis (by high-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC)

5. Have adequate organ function, as defined by:

   1. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) less than or equal to 2.5 (SqrRoot) Upper Limit of Normal (ULN) (unless the increased AST is assessed by the Investigator as due to hemolysis and/or hepatic iron deposition) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) less than or equal to 2.5 (SqrRoot) ULN (unless the increased ALT is assessed by the Investigator as due to hepatic iron deposition).
   2. Serum creatinine less than or equal to 1.25 (SqrRoot) ULN. If serum creatinine is >1.25 (SqrRoot) ULN, then glomerular filtration rate (based on creatinine) must be greater than or equal to 60 mL/min.
   3. Absolute neutrophil count greater than or equal to 1.0 (SqrRoot) 10^9/L.
   4. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7 g/dL
   5. Platelet count greater than or equal to 100 (SqrRoot) 10^9/L.
   6. Activated partial thromboplastin time and international normalized ratio less than or equal to 1.5 (SqrRoot) ULN, unless the subject is receiving therapeutic anticoagulants.
6. For women of reproductive potential, have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test during the screening period. Women of reproductive potential are defined as sexually mature women who have not undergone a hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, or tubal occlusion; or who have not been naturally postmenopausal (i.e., who have not menstruated at all for at least the preceding 12 months prior to signing informed consent and have an elevated follicle-stimulating hormone level indicative of menopause during the screening period).
7. For women of reproductive potential as well as men and their partners who are women of reproductive potential, be abstinent as part of their usual lifestyle, or agree to use 2 effective forms of contraception from the time of giving informed consent, during the study, and for 28 days for women and 90 days for men following the last dose of study treatment. An effective form of contraception is defined as hormonal oral contraceptives, injectables, patches, and barrier methods.
8. Be willing to comply with all study procedures for the duration of the study.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Subjects who meet any of the following criteria during screening will not receive AG348 and will not be counted toward the final enrollment count for statistical purposes:

1. Documented pyruvate kinase deficiency

2. Have a significant medical condition that confers an unacceptable risk to participating in the study, and/or that could confound the interpretation of the study data. Such significant medical conditions include, but are not limited to the following:

   1. Poorly controlled hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure [BP] >150 mmHg or diastolic BP >90 mmHg) refractory to medical management.
   2. History of recent (within 6 months prior to signing informed consent) congestive heart failure; myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris; hemorrhagic, embolic, or thrombotic stroke; deep venous thrombosis; or pulmonary or arterial embolism.
   3. Cardiac dysrhythmias judged as clinically significant by the Investigator.
   4. Heart-rate corrected QT interval-Fredericia's method (QTcF) >480 msec with the exception of subjects with right or left bundle branch block.
   5. Clinically symptomatic cholelithiasis or cholecystitis. Prior cholecystectomy is not exclusionary. Subjects with symptomatic cholelithiasis or cholecystitis may be rescreened once the disorder has been treated and clinical symptoms have resolved.
   6. History of drug-induced cholestatic hepatitis.
   7. Iron overload sufficiently severe to result in a clinical diagnosis by the Investigator of cardiac (e.g., clinically significant impaired left ventricular ejection fraction), hepatic (e.g., fibrosis, cirrhosis), or pancreatic (e.g., diabetes) dysfunction.
   8. Have a diagnosis of any other congenital or acquired blood disorder, or any other hemolytic process as defined by a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT), except mild allo-immunization as a consequence of transfusion therapy.
   9. Positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody (Ab) with signs of active hepatitis B or C virus infection. If the subject is positive for HCV Ab, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test will be conducted. Subjects with hepatitis C may be rescreened after receiving appropriate hepatitis C treatment.
   10. Positive test for human immunodeficiency virus 1 or 2 Ab.
   11. Active infection requiring any use of systemic antimicrobial agents (parenteral or oral) or Grade greater than or equal to 3 in severity (per National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) within 2 months prior to signing informed consent.
   12. Diabetes mellitus judged to be under poor control by the Investigator or requiring >3 antidiabetic agents, including insulin (all insulins are considered 1 agent); use of insulin per se is not exclusionary.
   13. History of any primary malignancy, with the exception of: curatively treated nonmelanomatous skin cancer; curatively treated cervical or breast carcinoma in situ; or other primary tumor treated with curative intent, no known active disease present, and no treatment administered during the last 3 years.
   14. Unstable extramedullary hematopoiesis that could pose a risk of imminent neurologic compromise.
   15. Current or recent history of psychiatric disorder that, in the opinion of the Investigator or Medical Monitor, could compromise the ability of the subject to cooperate with study visits and procedures.
   16. Are currently enrolled in another therapeutic clinical trial involving ongoing therapy with any investigational or marketed product or placebo. Sickle cell anemia subjects on hydroxyurea or L-glutamine will also be considered, provided that they have been on an unchanged dose of hydroxyurea or L-Glutamine for three months prior to enrollment.
   17. Have exposure to any investigational drug, device, or invasive procedure within 3 months prior to the first dose of study treatment. All noninvestigational invasive procedures within 3 months of starting study treatment may be considered as a potential exclusion criteria per the PI s discretion.
   18. Have had any prior treatment with a pyruvate kinase activator.
   19. Have received crizanlizumab or voxelotor in the 12 weeks prior to signing consent
   20. Have a prior bone marrow or stem cell transplant.
   21. Are currently pregnant or breastfeeding.
   22. Are currently receiving medications that are strong inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4 or strong inducers of CYP3A4 that have not been stopped for a duration of at least 5 days or a timeframe equivalent to 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) prior to the first dose of AG-348.
   23. Are currently receiving hematopoietic stimulating agents (e.g., erythropoietins, granulocyte colony stimulating factors, thrombopoietins) that have not been stopped for a duration of at least 28 days prior to the first dose of study treatment.
   24. Have a history of allergy to sulfonamides if characterized by acute hemolytic anemia, drug-induced liver injury, anaphylaxis, rash of erythema multiforme type or Stevens-Johnson syndrome, cholestatic hepatitis, or other serious clinical manifestations.

Sex/Gender

• Sexes Eligible for Study: All

• Ages: 18 Years to 70 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Contacts: Contact information is only displayed when the study is recruiting subjects
• Listed Location Countries: United States

Administrative Information

• NCT Number: NCT04000165
• Other Study ID Numbers: 190097; 19-H-0097
• Has Data Monitoring Committee: Not Provided

U.S. FDA-regulated Product

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No

IPD Sharing Statement

• Plan to Share IPD: Yes
• Plan Description: Deidentified individual participant results data will be made available 6 months after publication date for a period of 5 year by sending a request to sweelay.thein@nih.gov.
• Supporting Materials: Study Protocol
• Supporting Materials: Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)
• Supporting Materials: Informed Consent Form (ICF)
• Time Frame: 6 months after publication date for a period of 5 year

• Current Responsible Party: Swee Lay Thein, M.D., National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)
• Original Responsible Party: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
• Current Study Sponsor: National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)
• Original Study Sponsor: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

Collaborators

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
• Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Swee Lay Thein, M.D.; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

• PRS Account: National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)
• Verification Date: June 2022