PET Imaging of Endotoxin-induced iNOS Activation

• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cell counts. [ Time Frame: 24 hours after endotoxin instillation. ]
  Total nucleated and neutrophil cell counts obtained by BAL after endotoxin instillation.
• Number and percent of iNOS-stained BAL cells. [ Time Frame: 24 hours after endotoxin instillation. ]

The investigators plan to use [18F](+/-)NOS (the F stands for fluorine and NOS stands for Nitric Oxide Synthase, the name for the investigational radioactive drug that targets iNOS) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging as a measure of lung inflammation. PET is a machine that detects radiation and generates pictures using a donut shaped scanner similar in appearance to an x-ray "CAT" scan.

In order to show that [18F](+/-)NOS-PET is related to the amount of inflammation, the investigators first need to create a state of controlled lung inflammation that can be measured and quantified. "Controlled lung inflammation" means a reaction in the lungs that is similar to that which occurs during lung infection (increased respiratory secretions, and cough). It is "controlled" because the investigators will not be using anything alive or contagious (it will not spread from one part of your body to another, and cannot spread to another person) and a small area in only one lung will be affected. In order to create this state of controlled lung inflammation, the investigators plan to put a small amount of endotoxin into a single small section of the lung using a bronchoscope (a long, flexible, narrow tube that is passed through the nose or the mouth into the airways of the lung). This use of endotoxin is considered investigational. The investigators have received permission from the FDA to use endotoxin in this research study.

• Drug: Endotoxin (E. coli O:113, Reference Endotoxin)
  Other Name: Lipopolysaccharide
• Drug: [18F](+/-)NOS

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy man or woman, any race or ethnicity, age 19 - 44 years old
• Screening Pulmonary Function Test
• Screening oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry >97% on room air
• Capable of lying still and supine within the PET/CT scanner for 1.5 hours
• Capable of following instructions for breathing protocol during CT portion of PET/CT
• Able and willing to give informed consent
• BMI < 35

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy (confirmed by qualitative serum hCG pregnancy test)
• Lactation
• Active menstruation
• History of cardiopulmonary disease
• Currently taking any prescription medications
• History of tobacco use or illicit drug use within the past year
• Presence of implanted electronic medical device
• Enrollment in another research study of an investigational drug
• Known allergy to both trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin
• Known allergy to drugs routinely used during bronchoscopy
• Inability lie flat for 1.5 hours for PET/CT scans or follow breathing protocol instructions for the CT portion of the PET/CT