Efficacy of Rituximab For the Treatment of Calcineurin Inhibitors Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome During Childhood (NEPHRUTIX)

• - dosing of rituximab for toxicity during and/or after infusion [ Time Frame: 5 months ]
  - toxicity during and/or after infusion
• - dosing of rituximab for pharmacokinetics [ Time Frame: 5 months ]
  - dosing of rituximab for pharmacokinetics
• - dosing of lymphocyte [ Time Frame: 5 months ]
  - lymphocyte phenotyping
• Pediatric Quality of life inventory [ Time Frame: 5 months ]
  Pediatric Quality of life inventory

Background

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is a rare disease beginning during childhood and treated with immunosuppressants (i.e. steroids, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine).

Renal function of patients suffering from severe, steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome with failure or toxic side effects of other immunosuppressant treatments is a major matter of concern.

Cyclosporine endangers renal parenchyma (fibrosis) in these patients who must take this treatment for years. At the same time, low doses of cyclosporine allow proteinuria to reappear, which provokes degradation of renal function by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Some recent data lead to the conclusion that Rituximab may be effective in such a disease, with a cyclosporin sparing effect.

Purpose

The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of Rituximab versus placebo in the treatment of pediatric patients suffering from severe cyclosporine-dependent nephrotic syndrome.

Abstract Patients will be included in the study in a period of remission of proteinuria. Two infusions of Rituximab - at the dose of 375 mg/m²- or placebo will be administered at one week of interval. Other immunosuppressant treatments will be gradually tapered off with the same tapering pattern in both groups. In case of relapse of nephrotic syndrome, the blinding code will be broken. Rituximab will then be infused to patients having received placebo.

• Drug: Rituximab
  two infusions - at the dose of 375 mg/m²- will be administered at one week of interval
• Drug: Placebo
  two infusions - at the dose of 375 mg/m² - will be administrered at one week of interval

• Experimental: Rituximab
  two infusions of Rituximab - at the dose of 375 mg/m²
  Intervention: Drug: Rituximab
• Placebo Comparator: placebo
  two infusions of placebo
  Intervention: Drug: Placebo

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male or Female patients over 2 and under 18 years, with an idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS)
• Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome (according to the French pediatric protocol).

NEPHRUTIX

• Calcineurin inhibitor Dependent NS or NS for which anticalcineurin treatment has not been effective. Others immunosuppressive treatments (MMF) must have failed to control the disease activity.
• Effective contraception for girls of childbearing age.
• The patient is able to understand and has signed a written informed consent OR the parent or legal guardian is able to understand and has signed a written informed consent, which must be obtained prior to the initiation of any study procedure

Exclusion Criteria:

• Terminal renal failure requiring dialysis/transplantation
• Transcutaneous oxygen stauration < 97%
• Clinical or Radiological brochopulmonar or pleural abnormality
• Asymptomatic carrier of Hepatitis B virus our history of Hepatitis B
• Contraindication to Rituximab (RTX)
• Parents/patient refusing to participate in the study