- The Change From Baseline in Mean High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration by Ultracentrifugation After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol by ultracentrifugation. An increase from baseline to the end of treatment, a positive value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum Total Cholesterol Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum total cholesterol. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Total Cholesterol Concentration by Ultracentrifugation After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum total cholesterol by ultracentrifugation. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration by Ultracentrifugation After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol by ultracentrifugation. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum High Density Lipoprotein : Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
An increase from baseline (i.e. a positive value) to the end of treatment in the High Density Lipoprotein : Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol ratio indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean High Density Lipoprotein : Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio by Ultracentrifugation After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
An increase from baseline (i.e. a positive value) to the end of treatment in the High Density Lipoprotein : Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol ratio indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration by Ultracentrifugation After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of Very Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol by ultracentrifugation. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum Triglyceride Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum triglyceride concentrations. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Triglyceride Concentration by Ultracentrifugation After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of triglyceride concentrations by ultracentrifugation. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum Apolipoprotein A Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum Apolipoprotein A. An increase from baseline to the end of treatment, a positive value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum Apolipoprotein B Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum Apolipoprotein B. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum Apolipoprotein B : Apolipoprotein A Ratio After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment (i.e. a negative value) in the Apolipoprotein B : Apolipoprotein A ratio indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum Non-Esterified Fatty Acid Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum Non-Esterified Fatty Acid concentrations. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Fasting Glucose Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of fasting glucose concentrations. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Fructosamine Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of fructosamine concentrations. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Glycated Haemoglobin Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of glycated haemoglobin concentrations. At both time points, values were calculated as a percentage of total haemoglobin. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment in base per cent values, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline to the End of 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment in the Mean Serum Glucose Concentration Two Hours Post Glucose Challenge (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test [OGTT]) [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
A two-hour OGTT was performed to investigate the rate of glucose metabolism or clearance from the blood with treatment. Blood samples were taken at -15 and 0 minutes prior to a glucose drink and at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes post drink. The OGTT measured the change from baseline in serum glucose levels at two hours (120 minutes) compared to 0 minutes. The extent of the elevation in blood glucose levels following a glucose drink were compared between baseline and the end of treatment. A reduction in the elevation of serum glucose levels at the end of treatment (i.e. a negative value) indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline to the End of 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment in the Mean Serum Insulin Concentration Two Hours Post Glucose Challenge (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, blood samples were taken at -15 and 0 minutes prior to a glucose drink and at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes post drink. The OGTT measured the change from baseline in serum insulin levels at two hours (120 minutes) compared to 0 minutes. The extent of the elevation in blood glucose levels following a glucose drink were compared between baseline and the end of treatment. An increase in the elevation of serum insulin levels from baseline to the end of treatment (i.e. a positive value) indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Fasting Insulin Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of fasting insulin concentrations. An increase from baseline to the end of treatment, a positive value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean C-peptide Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
At baseline and the end of treatment, an approximately 30 mL fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of C-peptide concentrations. An increase from baseline to the end of treatment, a positive value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Insulin Resistance Measured by Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 (HOMA2-IR) After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Changes from baseline to the end of treatment in mean insulin resistance were calculated by HOMA2-IR. HOMA2-IR is a computer model that uses fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations to estimate insulin resistance, which is the reciprocal of insulin sensitivity (%S)(100/%S) as a percentage of a normal reference population (normal young adults). A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Insulin Sensitivity Measured by Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 (HOMA2) After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Changes from baseline to the end of treatment in mean insulin sensitivity were calculated by HOMA2. HOMA2-IR is a computer model that uses fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations to estimate insulin sensitivity (%S) as a percentage of a normal reference population (normal young adults). An increase from baseline to the end of treatment, a positive value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Insulin B Cell Function Measured by Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 (HOMA2) After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Changes from baseline to the end of treatment in mean insulin B Cell Function were calculated by HOMA2. HOMA2-IR is a computer model that uses fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations to estimate beta cell function (%B) as a percentage of a normal reference population (normal young adults). An increase from baseline to the end of treatment, a positive value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Body Mass Index After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Body Mass Index was calculated at baseline and the end of treatment. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Waist-to-hip Ratio After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Subject's waist-to-hip ratios were calculated at baseline and the end of treatment. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Body Weight After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Subject's body weights were measured at baseline and the end of treatment. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Waist Measurement After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Subjects' waist measurements were taken at baseline and the end of treatment. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Hip Measurement After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Subjects' hip measurements were taken at baseline and the end of treatment. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Visceral Abdominal Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Visceral Abdominal Fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scans were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scans were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Total Abdominal Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Total Abdominal Fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and the results of the scans were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Internal Non-Abdominal Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Internal Non-Abdominal Fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scan were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Subcutaneous Non-Abdominal Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Subcutaneous Non-Abdominal Fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scan were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Total Non-Abdominal Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Total Non-Abdominal Fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scan were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Total Internal Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Total Internal Fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scan were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Total Subcutaneous Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Total Subcutaneous Fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scan were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Total Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Total Fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scan were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Abdominal Adiposity After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Abdominal Adiposity was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scan were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean % Liver Fat After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Percentage liver fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and the end of treatment, and the results of the scan were analysed blind by a single independent reviewer. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment in base per cent values, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Appetite 0-10 Numerical Rating Scale Score After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and End of treatment (Day 92) ]
Subjects scored their appetite daily using an appetite 0-10 numerical rating scale score where 0 = no appetite (don't feel hungry) and 10 = maximum appetite (completely hungry all the time). The mean change from baseline to the end of treatment in scores were calculated. A decrease from baseline to the end of treatment, a negative value, indicates an improvement.
- Adverse Events as a Measure of Patient Safety [ Time Frame: Day 1 - Day 92 ]
The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was recorded for the study duration, and the number of patients who experienced an adverse event is presented.
- The Change From Baseline in Mean Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) Score at the End of 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment [ Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1) and the End of Treatment (Day 92) ]
The BDI-II is a 21 question, multiple choice, self-reported inventory, and is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. The 21 questions or items each had four possible responses. Each response was assigned a score ranging from zero to three, indicating the severity of the symptom, with a total possible score ranging from zero to 63. A score between zero and 13 indicates 'minimal depression'. A score between 14 and 19 indicates 'mild depression'. A score between 20 and 28 indicates 'moderate depression', and a score between 29 and 63 indicates 'severe depression'. As such, an increase from baseline to the end of treatment, a positive value, indicates a deterioration.