Telemedicine for Improved Delivery of Psychosocial Treatments for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) diagnostic interview [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment, post-treatment, six-month follow-up ]
• Neuropsychological testing battery to assess cognitive functioning [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment and post-treatment ]

• PHQ-9 (self-reported depression) [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment, weekly during 12 weeks of treatment, post-treatment (14 weeks after pre-treatment assessment), follow-up six months after post-treatment assessment ]
  Measure of depressive symptoms
• PTSD Checklist (PCL; self-reported PTSD symptoms) [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment, weekly during 12 weeks of treatment, post-treatment (14 weeks after pre-treatment assessment), follow-up six months after post-treatment assessment ]
  Measure of 17 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms from specific event (PCL-S)
• Neuropsychological testing battery to assess cognitive functioning [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment and post-treatment (14 weeks after pre-treatment assessment) ]
  1. Wechsler Test of Adult Reading
  2. Rey Complex Figure task
  3. California Verbal Learning Test
  4. Wisconsin Card Sort Test
  5. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Digit Span
  6. Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS) Verbal Fluency
  7. Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS) Color-Word Interference
  8. Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS) Trails

• PHQ-9 (self-reported depression) [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment; weekly during treatment; post-treatment; 6-month follow-up ]
• PTSD Checklist (PCL; self-reported PTSD symptoms) [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment, weekly during treatment; post-treatment; and 6-month follow-up ]

The objective of the proposed study is to conduct a systematic comparison of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) outcomes for veterans receiving exposure therapy via telemedicine versus in-person care. Specifically, prolonged exposure therapy (PE) was conducted with veterans individually, either in person or via videoconferencing technology. PE is designed to help clients face fears related to a traumatic experience by guiding individuals through exposures to the memory of the event (called "imaginal exposure") and exposures to feared situations (called "in vivo" exposures).

The primary aim is to determine the feasibility of whether telemedicine can be used as a tool to extend effective, specialized mental health services, such as PE to veterans with limited access to care. This is measured in part through patient and therapist satisfaction ratings in each condition.

A secondary aim is to determine if therapy delivered by telemedicine affects the quality of care in terms of clinical outcomes and the quality of patient-therapist interaction. This is measured by relative changes in symptoms, primarily in PTSD, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms.

A tertiary aim is to examine whether results from neuropsychological testing predict treatment outcomes across conditions. This includes seven measures of executive functioning. The hypothesis is that poorer performance on these measures may be associated with less improvement on measures of symptom severity.

• Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
• Depression
• Anxiety

• Experimental: Psychotherapy via telemedicine
  In this arm, veterans received standard psychotherapy (prolonged exposure therapy) in a novel format - interacting with a therapist via videoconferencing.
  Intervention: Behavioral: Prolonged exposure therapy
• Active Comparator: Face-to-face (in person) psychotherapy
  In this arm, veterans received standard psychotherapy (prolonged exposure therapy) in the traditional format - in person with a therapist.
  Intervention: Behavioral: Prolonged exposure therapy

Inclusion Criteria:

• Primary diagnosis of chronic PTSD due to combat; comorbid mood and anxiety disorders are expected, and will be permitted (to maximize generalizability) if PTSD symptoms are judged to be predominant based on primacy and severity of symptoms
• Age 18 or older
• English literacy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Unmanaged psychosis or manic episodes in past year
• Concurrent psychotherapies targeting PTSD or depression or that entail exposure therapy [veterans who are engaged in treatment for non-PTSD symptoms (e.g., 12-step programs for substance problems) will be eligible]
• Severe cardiovascular or respiratory disease that would make it difficult to ensure regular attendance at psychotherapy sessions
• Probable dementia; OR
• Head trauma resulting in loss of consciousness longer than 20 minutes. Potential participants who have had changes in the type and dosage of psychotropic medications in the preceding two months will be asked to wait until their medication regimen has stabilized to minimize treatment confounds.

• United States Department of Defense
• University of Pennsylvania