Use of Information Technology in the Prevention of Diabetes

• Improvement in metabolic risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and improvement in quality of life [ Time Frame: two years ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Acceptability of text messaging as tool to prevent diabetes. [ Time Frame: Two years ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Type 2 diabetes is a major and increasing problem in India and the UK. In clinical trials it can be prevented in people at high risk by lifestyle intervention. While these trials established the proof of principle, they involved a degree of input from healthcare professionals not feasible outside the trial situation. We hypothesize that diabetes prevention can be achieved at lower cost using personalised feedback via mobile phone, based on information on healthy diet and physical activity habits. We shall develop research protocols and computerized algorithms to test this hypothesis in India for application subsequently in the UK and elsewhere.

Diabetes prevention programmes conducted in various ethnic and racial populations have conclusively demonstrated that lifestyle modification (LSM) focussed on caloric restriction and increased physical activity can prevent or postpone the onset of T2DM. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme-1 (IDPP-1) conducted by our group established that LSM is an effective tool for the primary prevention of T2DM in Asian Indian subjects (1). But the major hurdle for any clinical trial is to disseminate the intervention principles at a community level is often proved to be very difficult. The main objective of this prevention programme is to determine whether individualized messages on LSM (diet and physical activity) by mobile phone-based message delivery system can help educate and motivate subjects with a high risk for developing type 2 diabetes to adhere to LSM and thereby improve glucose tolerance.

Sample selection:

This is a randomized, controlled prospective study, carried out in participants who have been diagnosed with persistent IGT using the 1999 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Interested participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria participated in this prevention programme. Screening was carried out in the work places. The participants were advised not to do any strenuous work during the screening period. Interested participants, after an overnight fast of 8 to 12 hours, underwent a capillary blood glucose test 2h PG after an ingestion of 75G glucose. Among the subjects identified with IGT, those with 2h PG values >8.9 mmol/l (≥ 160 mg/dl) were invited for a confirmatory OGTT, within a week. During the 2nd GTT, venous blood samples were collected at fasting (0 minute), 30 and 120 minutes after the glucose intake.Subjects who satisfied the criteria for IGT on both occasions were recruited for this prevention programme. Randomized was based on the MATLAB 'randperm' random number generator (MARSAGLIA RANDOM NUMBER generator algorithm).

Recruitment:

Subjects were recruited into two groups:

1. control arm: advised on LSM and the beneficial effects of healthy dietary habits, weight reduction and increased physical activity at the baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months respectively (standard care advise).
2. Intervention group: receive in addition to the above advise would receive frequent text messages on general well being and different forms of physical activity and principles of healthy diet. The frequency and time at which each participant preferred to receive the messages were noted.

Assessments:

Both groups will undergo personal reviews at 6 monthly intervals for a period of 2 years. At randomization, participants were interviewed personally to elicit demographic, medical, diet, behavioral and physical activity details.

6 & 18 month assessments: Diet and physical activity questionnaires, body weight, WC, pulse and BP will be obtained. Two hour post glucose will be measured.

12 & 24 month assessment: Participants will be questioned about the acceptability of the project and its impact on their life. Changes in health will be documented and the physical examination repeated. They will complete further dietary, physical activity and quality of life questionnaires and will be asked about their use of healthcare resources for health economic assessment. The OGTT and ECG will be repeated, with other measurements as at baseline.

• Behavioral: Experimental
  Active Life style modification-motivation by I.T technology
• Behavioral: Control arm (usual care/standard care arm)
  Life style modification only once

• Active Comparator: 2
  In person lifestyle advice at baseline, 6, 12, 18 months.
  Intervention: Behavioral: Control arm (usual care/standard care arm)
• Experimental: 1
  In person lifestyle advice at baseline, 6, 12, 18 months. Receive reminders by internet based, mobile phone text messaging (Frequency, time and number(s) of messages according to participants requirement)
  Intervention: Behavioral: Experimental

• Ram J, Selvam S, Snehalatha C, Nanditha A, Simon M, Shetty AS, Godsland IF, Johnston DG, Ramachandran A. Improvement in diet habits, independent of physical activity helps to reduce incident diabetes among prediabetic Asian Indian men. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Dec;106(3):491-5. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.043. Epub 2014 Oct 25.
• Nanditha A, Ram J, Snehalatha C, Selvam S, Priscilla S, Shetty AS, Arun R, Godsland IF, Johnston DG, Ramachandran A. Early improvement predicts reduced risk of incident diabetes and improved cardiovascular risk in prediabetic Asian Indian men participating in a 2-year lifestyle intervention program. Diabetes Care. 2014 Nov;37(11):3009-15. doi: 10.2337/dc14-0407. Epub 2014 Sep 11.
• Hughes RC, Moore MP, Gullam JE, Mohamed K, Rowan J. An early pregnancy HbA1c ≥5.9% (41 mmol/mol) is optimal for detecting diabetes and identifies women at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2014 Nov;37(11):2953-9. doi: 10.2337/dc14-1312. Epub 2014 Sep 4.
• Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Ram J, Selvam S, Simon M, Nanditha A, Shetty AS, Godsland IF, Chaturvedi N, Majeed A, Oliver N, Toumazou C, Alberti KG, Johnston DG. Effectiveness of mobile phone messaging in prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle modification in men in India: a prospective, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013 Nov;1(3):191-8. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70067-6. Epub 2013 Sep 11.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Body mass index ≥ 23
• Age ≥ 35 years
• A 1st degree relative with type 2 diabetes

Exclusion Criteria:

• Normal and diabetic subjects
• Presence of other serious illness