Trial to Assess the Effects of Vorapaxar (SCH 530348; MK-5348) in Preventing Heart Attack and Stroke in Particpants With Acute Coronary Syndrome (TRA•CER) (Study P04736)

• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Cardiovascular Death, Myocardial Infarction, and/or Stroke Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to the first occurrence of any of the following clinical outcomes was recorded: cardiovascular (CV) death, myocardial infarction (MI), and/or stroke. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). If a participant had a fatal event that was not part of a specific endpoint for analysis, they were censored at the time of death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced at least 1 of the components of the secondary composite efficacy endpoint within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Met Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Arteries (GUSTO) Moderate or Severe Bleeding Criteria Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  Adverse events were categorized as "bleeding events" if the intensity of the event was other or more than would be normally expected in the given situation (eg, mild nosebleed in a person who does not normally have nosebleeds, greater bruising than expected for a given injury, greater volume of blood loss than expected for a given procedure). The investigator graded the intensity of bleeding events according to the GUSTO cooperative group criteria as follows: Mild , Moderate or Severe and the grading was adjudicated by the CEC. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced GUSTO moderate or severe bleeding within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Clinically Significant Bleeding Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  Adverse events were categorized as "bleeding events" if the intensity of the event was other or more than would be normally expected in the given situation (eg, mild nosebleed in a person who does not normally have nosebleeds, greater bruising than expected for a given injury, greater volume of blood loss than expected for a given procedure). The investigator graded the intensity of bleeding events according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Study Group criteria as major, minor or other. "Clinically Significant Bleeding" was defined as the composite of TIMI Major bleeding, TIMI Minor bleeding, or bleeding that required unplanned medical or surgical treatment or unplanned laboratory evaluation even if it did not meet the criteria for TIMI major or minor bleeding. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced clinically significant bleeding within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced CV Death, MI, Stroke, or UCR Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to the first occurrence of any of the following clinical outcomes was recorded: CV death, MI, stroke, or UCR. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). If a participant had a fatal event that was not part of a specific endpoint for analysis, they were censored at the time of death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced CV death, MI, stroke, or UCR within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced CV Death or MI Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to the first occurrence of any of the following clinical outcomes was recorded: CV death or MI. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). If a participant had a fatal event that was not part of a specific endpoint for analysis, they were censored at the time of death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced CV death or MI within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced All-cause Death, MI, Stroke, RIR, or UCR Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to the first occurrence of any of the following clinical outcomes was recorded: all-cause death, MI, stroke, RIR, or UCR. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced all-cause death, MI, stroke, RIR, or UCR within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced All-cause Death, MI, Stroke, or UCR Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to the first occurrence of any of the following clinical outcomes was recorded: all-cause death, MI, stroke, or UCR. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced all-cause Death, MI, stroke, or UCR I within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced CV Death Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to the CV death (if reported) was recorded. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). If a participant had a fatal event that was not part of a specific endpoint for analysis, they were censored at the time of death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced CV death within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced an MI Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to the first occurrence of an MI was recorded. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). If a participant had a fatal event that was not part of a specific endpoint for analysis, they were censored at the time of death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced an MI within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced RIR Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to the first occurrence of RIR was recorded. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). If a participant had a fatal event that was not part of a specific endpoint for analysis, they were censored at the time of death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced RIR within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced UCR Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to the first occurrence of UCR was recorded. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). If a participant had a fatal event that was not part of a specific endpoint for analysis, they were censored at the time of death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced UCR within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Died From Any Cause Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to death from any cause was recorded. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who died from any cause within 2 years from randomization.
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants Who Experienced a Stroke Within 2 Years From Randomization [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The time (in days) from study start to first experience of a stroke was recorded. A CEC reviewed and adjudicated each suspected efficacy endpoint event while blinded to treatment. Participants who did not have any endpoint event until last visit or participants who were lost to follow-up and had no event were censored at the time of last available information (last study visit). If a participant had a fatal event that was not part of a specific endpoint for analysis, they were censored at the time of death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate reports the percentage of participants who experienced a stroke within 2 years from randomization.

The study is designed to determine whether vorapaxar, when added to the existing standard of care (eg, aspirin, clopidogrel) for preventing heart attack and stroke in patients with acute coronary syndrome, will yield additional benefit over the existing standard of care in preventing heart attack and stroke.

The study is also designed to assess risk of bleeding with vorapaxar added to the standard of care versus the standard of care alone.

• Atherosclerosis
• Myocardial Ischemia
• Myocardial Infarction

• Drug: Vorapaxar
  oral tablets; 40-mg loading dose on first day, followed by 2.5 mg once daily for at least 1 year
  Other Names:

  • SCH 530348
  • MK-5348
• Drug: Placebo
  oral tablets; matching placebo for vorapaxar; loading and maintenance dosing; once daily for at least 1 year

• Placebo Comparator: Placebo
  Loading oral dose of one 40 mg vorapaxar placebo tablet on Day 1, then one 2.5 mg vorapaxar placebo tablet daily, orally for at least 1 year in addition to current treatment of acute coronary syndrome, which will be continued to be administered as per current stand of care.
  Intervention: Drug: Placebo
• Experimental: Vorapaxar
  Loading oral dose of one 40 mg vorapaxar tablet on Day 1, then one 2.5 mg vorapaxar tablet daily, orally for at least 1 year in addition to current treatment of acute coronary syndrome, which will be continued to be administered as per current stand of care.
  Intervention: Drug: Vorapaxar

• Storey RF, Kotha J, Smyth SS, Moliterno DJ, Rorick TL, Moccetti T, Valgimigli M, Dery JP, Cornel JH, Thomas GS, Huber K, Harrington RA, Hord E, Judge HM, Chen E, Strony J, Mahaffey KW, Tricoci P, Becker RC, Jennings LK. Effects of vorapaxar on platelet reactivity and biomarker expression in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. The TRACER Pharmacodynamic Substudy. Thromb Haemost. 2014 May 5;111(5):883-91. doi: 10.1160/TH13-07-0624. Epub 2014 Jan 9.
• Valgimigli M, Tricoci P, Huang Z, Aylward PE, Armstrong PW, Van de Werf F, Leonardi S, White HD, Widimsky P, Harrington RA, Cequier A, Chen E, Lokhnygina Y, Wallentin L, Strony J, Mahaffey KW, Moliterno DJ. Usefulness and safety of vorapaxar in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the TRACER Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2014 Sep 1;114(5):665-73. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.05.054. Epub 2014 Jun 18.
• Popma CJ, Sheng S, Korjian S, Daaboul Y, Chi G, Tricoci P, Huang Z, Moliterno DJ, White HD, Van de Werf F, Harrington RA, Wallentin L, Held C, Armstrong PW, Aylward PE, Strony J, Mahaffey KW, Gibson CM. Lack of Concordance Between Local Investigators, Angiographic Core Laboratory, and Clinical Event Committee in the Assessment of Stent Thrombosis: Results From the TRACER Angiographic Substudy. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2016 May;9(5):e003114. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003114.
• Vranckx P, White HD, Huang Z, Mahaffey KW, Armstrong PW, Van de Werf F, Moliterno DJ, Wallentin L, Held C, Aylward PE, Cornel JH, Bode C, Huber K, Nicolau JC, Ruzyllo W, Harrington RA, Tricoci P. Validation of BARC Bleeding Criteria in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: The TRACER Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 May 10;67(18):2135-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.056.
• Mahaffey KW, Hager R, Wojdyla D, White HD, Armstrong PW, Alexander JH, Tricoci P, Lopes RD, Ohman EM, Roe MT, Harrington RA, Wallentin L. Meta-analysis of intracranial hemorrhage in acute coronary syndromes: incidence, predictors, and clinical outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Jun 18;4(6):e001512. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001512.
• Bagai A, Huang Z, Lokhnygina Y, Harrington RA, Armstrong PW, Strony J, White HD, Leonardi S, Held C, Van de Werf F, Wallentin L, Tricoci P, Mahaffey KW. Magnitude of troponin elevation and long-term clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndrome patients treated with and without revascularization. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015 Jun;8(6):e002314. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.002314.
• White HD, Huang Z, Tricoci P, Van de Werf F, Wallentin L, Lokhnygina Y, Moliterno DJ, Aylward PE, Mahaffey KW, Armstrong PW. Reduction in overall occurrences of ischemic events with vorapaxar: results from TRACER. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014 Jul 10;3(4). pii: e001032. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001032.
• Whellan DJ, Tricoci P, Chen E, Huang Z, Leibowitz D, Vranckx P, Marhefka GD, Held C, Nicolau JC, Storey RF, Ruzyllo W, Huber K, Sinnaeve P, Weiss AT, Dery JP, Moliterno DJ, Van de Werf F, Aylward PE, White HD, Armstrong PW, Wallentin L, Strony J, Harrington RA, Mahaffey KW. Vorapaxar in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: subgroup analysis from the TRACER trial (Thrombin Receptor Antagonist for Clinical Event Reduction in Acute Coronary Syndrome). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Mar 25;63(11):1048-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.048. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
• Tricoci P, Huang Z, Held C, Moliterno DJ, Armstrong PW, Van de Werf F, White HD, Aylward PE, Wallentin L, Chen E, Lokhnygina Y, Pei J, Leonardi S, Rorick TL, Kilian AM, Jennings LH, Ambrosio G, Bode C, Cequier A, Cornel JH, Diaz R, Erkan A, Huber K, Hudson MP, Jiang L, Jukema JW, Lewis BS, Lincoff AM, Montalescot G, Nicolau JC, Ogawa H, Pfisterer M, Prieto JC, Ruzyllo W, Sinnaeve PR, Storey RF, Valgimigli M, Whellan DJ, Widimsky P, Strony J, Harrington RA, Mahaffey KW; TRACER Investigators. Thrombin-receptor antagonist vorapaxar in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jan 5;366(1):20-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1109719. Epub 2011 Nov 13.
• TRA*CER Executive and Steering Committees. The Thrombin Receptor Antagonist for Clinical Event Reduction in Acute Coronary Syndrome (TRA*CER) trial: study design and rationale. Am Heart J. 2009 Sep;158(3):327-334.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.07.001. Erratum in: Am Heart J. 2010 May;159(5):932.

Inclusion Criteria:

Men and women at least 18 years old with current clinical manifestation of non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (heart attack) according to the following three criteria:

• current symptoms of cardiac ischemia (chest pain leading to cardiac ischemia or heart attack)

AND

• either of the following:

  • concurrent elevation of troponin I or T, or of creatine kinase - myocardial band (CK-MB) to a level above the upper limit of normal, OR
  • concurrent appropriate electrocardiographic evidence

AND

• any one (or more) of the following:

  • age >= 55 years
  • documented history of prior heart attack or coronary revascularization (eg, angioplasty [PCI], coronary artery replacement [CABG])
  • diabetes (documented use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic[s])
  • documented history of peripheral arterial disease

Exclusion Criteria:

• history of intracranial hemorrhage or of central nervous system (CNS) surgery, tumor, or aneurysm
• any bleeding disorder or abnormality
• sustained severe hypertension or valvular heart disease
• current or recent platelet count <100,000 mm^3
• planned or ongoing treatment with a blood thinning medication
• pregnancy
• any significant medical or physiological condition or abnormality that could put the subject at increased risk or limit the subject's ability to participate for the duration of the study