Effects of Arousal and Stress in Anxiety

This study has several parts. One part will examine the influence of factors such as personality and past experience on reactions to unpleasant stimuli. Others will examine the effect of personality and emotional and attentional states on learning and memory.

When confronted with fearful or unpleasant events, people can develop fear of specific cues that were associated with these events as well as to the environmental context in which the events occurred via a process called classical conditioning. Classical conditioning has been used to model anxiety disorders, but the relationship between stress and anxiety and conditioned responses remains unclear. This study will examine the relationship between cued conditioning and context conditioning . This study will also explore the acquisition and retention of different types of motor, emotional, and cognitive associative processes during various tasks that range from mildly arousing to stressful.

Objective: Fear and anxiety are adaptive responses to different types of threats. Fear is a short-duration response evoked by explicit threat cues. Fear can best be studied using Pavlovian fear conditioning. Studies 1 and 2 examine learning processes underlying fear conditioning as well as the influence of cognitive and affective processes on these learning processes. Anxiety is a more sustained state of apprehension evoked by unpredictable threat. Study 2 examines the interactions between anxiety induced experimentally and cognitive processes. Specifically, we seek to 1) characterize the effect of anxiety on key cognitive processes including working memory, attention control, conflict, and learning and memory. 2) examine the extent to which performance of cognitive tasks distract from anxiety, and 3) how physical exertion influences anxiety and its effects on cognition. Study 3 examines the effects of memory

retrieval on extinction.

Study population: This more-than-minimal-risk protocol will test medically and psychiatrically healthy volunteers aged 18-50. Pregnant or nursing women will be excluded.

Method: Fear and anxiety will be measured using the startle reflex to brief and loud sounds. Fear conditioning will be assessed using shock as unconditioned stimulus. Cognitive performance will be examined during periods of unpredictable shock anticipation or prior to giving a speech.

Outcome measures: The study will include cognitive performance and measure of aversive states, primarily the startle reflex.

• Grillon C, Morgan CA 3rd. Fear-potentiated startle conditioning to explicit and contextual cues in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 1999 Feb;108(1):134-42.
• Grillon C, Ameli R, Goddard A, Woods SW, Davis M. Baseline and fear-potentiated startle in panic disorder patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1994 Apr 1;35(7):431-9.
• Phillips RG, LeDoux JE. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci. 1992 Apr;106(2):274-85.
• Grillon C, Robinson OJ, Krimsky M, O'Connell K, Alvarez G, Ernst M. Anxiety-mediated facilitation of behavioral inhibition: Threat processing and defensive reactivity during a go/no-go task. Emotion. 2017 Mar;17(2):259-266. doi: 10.1037/emo0000214. Epub 2016 Sep 19.

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:
• Males and females
• Age 18-50

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Pregnancy
• Any current ongoing medical illness
• Current Axis I disorders
• Past significant psychiatric disorders (e.g., psychotic disorders) according to DSM-IV
• Current alcohol or substance abuse according to DSM-IV criteria
• History of alcohol or substance dependence based on DSM-IV criteria within 6 months prior to screening
• Current psychotropic medication use
• Current or past organic central nervous system disorders, including but not limited to seizure disorder or neurological symptoms of the wrist and arms (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome). The latter exclusion is for shock studies only.
• Negative urine toxicology screen

• For exercise substudy:

  • History of exercise intolerance
  • History of heart disease
  • History of pulmonary disease, other than controlled, non-exercise-induced asthma
  • History of uncontrolled diabetes
  • Resting heart rate > 90 BPM
  • Resting systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg
  • Peripheral condition making completion of the exercise protocol impossible, such as severe osteoarthritis or chronic pain
  • Clinically significant abnormal EKG as determined by MD or DNP

• For active avoidance substudy:

  • Diagnosis of color blindness