Fenofibrate for Patients With COVID-19 Requiring Hospitalization (FENOC)

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04661930
• Recruitment Status: Recruiting
• First Posted: December 10, 2020
• Last Update Posted: April 19, 2022
• Sponsor: Yaakov Nahmias
• Collaborators: Barzilai Medical Center; Rambam Health Care Campus; Nazareth Hospital
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): Yaakov Nahmias, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Study Description

Brief Summary:

This is an open-label run-in followed by a randomized, double-blind drug treatment study of COVID-19 infected patients requiring inpatient hospital admission.

Condition or disease	Intervention/treatment	Phase
Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19); Respiratory Distress Syndrome; SARS-CoV-2 Infection	Drug: TriCor® 145mg tablets; Other: Placebo; Other: Usual care	Phase 3

Detailed Description:

This is an open-label run-in followed by a randomized, double-blind drug treatment study of COVID-19 infected patients requiring inpatient hospital admission. Open-label patients will be matched at least 1:10 with observational retrospective Propensity score-matched (PSM) patients' medical files. The double-blinded step will be randomized 2:1 to daily Fenofibrate or placebo for 10 days or hospital discharge.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)
• Estimated Enrollment: 55 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Intervention Model Description: An interventional single-arm non-randomized pilot study in 15 patients, followed by an Interventional double-blinded randomized quadruple masked study in 40 patients.
• Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: A Study of a 10-days Fenofibrate Treatment, or Until Discharge From Hospital, Among COVID-19 Infected Patients Requiring Hospitalization
• Actual Study Start Date: January 1, 2021
• Estimated Primary Completion Date: May 1, 2022
• Estimated Study Completion Date: July 1, 2022

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/treatment
Experimental: Fenofibrate + Usual Care; Participants in this arm will receive the study drug, Fenofibrate, in combination with usual care.	Drug: TriCor® 145mg tablets; Fenofibrate; 145 mg daily (1/day); oral administration; 10 days; Other Name: Lipanthyl NT 145mg tablets; Other: Usual care; All participants will otherwise receive usual medical care
Placebo Comparator: Placebo + Usual Care; Participants in this arm will receive placebo treatment, in combination with usual care.	Other: Placebo; Placebo (microcrystalline methylcellulose, gelatin capsule); oral administration; Other: Usual care; All participants will otherwise receive usual medical care
No Intervention: Usual Care (Observetional); Participants in this arm will receive the usual care and be compared by their medical records and laboratory results

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures :

1. Number of Therapeutic Oxygen-Free Days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm did not require therapeutic oxygen usage during an in-patient hospital admission.
2. Length of Hospital Stay [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Outcome reported as the mean length of in-patient hospital stay (in days) for participants in each arm
3. Viral Clearance by Nasopharyngeal Swab [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Nasopharyngeal swabs will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Viral clearance is measured as fold change in viral genetic copies per mL
4. Difference in Estimated P/F Ratio at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Outcome calculated from the partial pressure of oxygen or peripheral saturation of oxygen by pulse oximetry divided by the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2 or SaO2 : FiO2 ratio). PaO2 is preferentially used if available.
5. Difference in Plasma Neutrophils at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
6. Difference in Plasma Lymphocytes at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
7. Difference in Plasma Monocytes at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
8. Difference in Plasma C-Reactive Protein (CRP) at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
9. Difference in Plasma IL-6 at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
10. Difference in Plasma Procalcitonin (PCT) at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
11. Difference in Plasma Ferritin at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
12. Difference in NLR (Neutrophils to Lymphocytes Ratio) at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.

Secondary Outcome Measures :

1. 14-Day Mortality [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Outcome reported as the number of participants who have expired at 14 days post enrollment.
2. Difference in Organ Injury Plasma markers at 14 days - Lactate [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
3. Difference in Organ Injury Plasma markers at 14 days - Cardiac Troponin (TRO) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
4. Difference in Organ Injury Plasma markers at 14 days - Creatine Kinase (CK) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
5. Difference in Organ Injury Plasma markers at 14 days - Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
6. Difference in Organ Injury Plasma markers at 14 days - Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
7. Difference in Organ Injury Plasma markers at 14 days - D-dimer [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
8. Difference in Organ Injury Plasma markers at 14 days - Platelets (PLT) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Blood will be collected every second day for the duration of study participation. Difference will be calculated based on the first measurement after admission to the study.
9. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - D-dimer [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
   Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
10. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Neutrophils [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
11. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Lymphocytes [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
12. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Platelets (PLT) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
13. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Monocytes [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
14. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - C-Reactive Protein (CRP) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
15. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - IL-6 [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had 2 or more abnormal plasma levels.
16. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Procalcitonin (PCT) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
17. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Lactate [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
18. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Cardiac Troponin (TRO) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
19. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Creatine Kinase (CK) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
20. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
21. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
22. Number of Abnormal Biomarker Days - Ferritin [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
23. Difference in Oxygenation at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    PaO2 or SaO2 and FiO2. Partial pressure of oxygen or peripheral saturation of oxygen by pulse oximetry. FiO₂ is estimated from oxygen flow/delivery rates
24. Difference in Estimated PEEP adjusted P/F Ratio at 14 days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome calculated from the partial pressure of oxygen or peripheral saturation of oxygen by pulse oximetry divided by the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2 or SaO2 : FiO2 ratio) and Expiratory Pressure.
25. Daily Hypotensive Episodes [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of daily hypotensive episodes (MAP < 65 mmHg) prompting intervention (indicated by a fluid bolus >=500 mL, new treatment with pressures, increase in 50% pressure or fluid rate) per participant in each arm.
26. Hypotension Requiring Vasopressors [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the number of participants in each arm requiring the use of vasopressors for hypotension.
27. Acute Kidney Injury [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the number of participants in each arm who experience acute kidney injury as defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines: Increase in serum creatinine by 0.3mg/dL or more within 48 hours OR Increase in serum creatinine to 1.5 times baseline or more within the last 7 days OR Urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours.
28. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Total Score [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    The SOFA assessment is used to track a person's risk status during stay in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The score is based on six different scores, one each for the respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, coagulation, renal, and neurological systems. Each organ system is assigned a point value from 0 (normal) to 4 (high degree of dysfunction/failure). Total score is calculated by entering patient data into a SOFA calculator, a widely available software. Total scores range from 0-24, with higher scores indicating greater risk of mortality.
29. Oxygen Saturation / Fractional Inhaled Oxygen (F/S) [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Oxygen saturation (percent) is measured by pulse oximeter. Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) (unitless) is the volumetric fraction of oxygen to other gases in respiratory support. The F/S ratio is unitless.
30. 28-Day Mortality [ Time Frame: 28 days ]
    Outcome reported as the number of participants who have expired at 28 days post enrollment.
31. 90-Day Mortality [ Time Frame: 90 days ]
    Outcome reported as the number of participants who have expired at 90 days post enrollment.
32. ICU Admission [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the number of participants in each arm who require admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
33. Number of Ventilator-Free Days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm did not require mechanical ventilation during an in-patient hospital admission.
34. Number of Vasopressor-Free Days [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm did not require vasopressor usage during an in-patient hospital admission.
35. Length of ICU Stay [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the mean length of stay (in days) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for participants in each arm.
36. Incidence of Respiratory Failure [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the number of participants requiring BiPAP OR high flow nasal cannula OR mechanical ventilation OR extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) utilization during in-patient hospital care in each arm.
37. Change in PROMIS Dyspnea Functional Limitations [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    The PROMIS Dyspnea (shortness of breath) item banks and pools assess self-reported Functional Limitations, Severity, Activity Motivation, Activity Requirements, Airborne Exposure, Assistant Devices Resources, Characteristics, Emotional Response, Task Avoidance and Time Extension as they related to dyspnea. In the 33-item Functional Limitations bank, 33 daily activities are rated in terms of degree of difficulty while engaging in the activity over the past 7 days (0 = no difficulty, 1 = a little difficulty, 2 = some difficulty, 3 = much difficulty). Total scores range from 0 to 99, with higher scores reflecting greater functional limitations.
38. Change in PROMIS Dyspnea Severity [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    The PROMIS Dyspnea (shortness of breath) item banks and pools assess self-reported Functional Limitations, Severity, Activity Motivation, Activity Requirements, Airborne Exposure, Assistant Devices Resources, Characteristics, Emotional Response, Task Avoidance and Time Extension as they related to dyspnea. The 33-item Severity bank assesses the severity of difficulty breathing during various specific activities (the same 33 activities assessed in Dyspnea Functional Limitations). Each activity is rated in terms of degree of dyspnea (0 = no shortness of breath, 1 = mildly short of breath, 2 = moderately short of breath, 3 = severely short of breath) while engaging in the activity over the past 7 days. Total scores range from 0 to 99 with higher scores reflecting greater levels of dyspnea during daily activity.
39. Disease Severity Rating [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Outcome reported as the number of participants in each arm who fall into each of 7 categories. Lower scores indicate greater condition severity. The ordinal scale is an assessment of the clinical status at the first assessment of a given study day. The scale is as follows: 1) Death; 2) Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); 3) Hospitalized, on non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen devices; 4) Hospitalized, requiring supplemental oxygen; 5) Hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen; 6) Not hospitalized, limitation on activities; 7) Not hospitalized, no limitations on activities.
40. Viral Load by Nasopharyngeal Swab [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Nasopharyngeal swabs will be collected every fourth day for the duration of study participation. Viral load is measured as number of viral genetic copies per mL.
41. Viral Load by Blood [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Blood will be collected every third day for viral load assessment for the duration of study participation. Viral load is measured as number of viral genetic copies per mL.
42. Viral Clearance by Blood [ Time Frame: 14 days ]
    Blood will be collected every third day for viral load assessment for the duration of study participation. clearance is measured as fold change in viral genetic copies per mL.
43. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - D-dimer [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
44. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Neutrophils [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
45. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Lymphocytes [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
46. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Platelets (PLT) [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
47. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Monocytes [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
48. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - C-Reactive Protein (CRP) [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
49. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - IL-6 [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
50. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Procalcitonin (PCT) [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
51. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Lactate [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
52. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Cardiac Troponin (TRO) [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
53. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Creatine Kinase (CK) [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
54. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
55. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
56. Abnormal Biomarkers after recovery - Ferritin [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of days participants in each arm had abnormal plasma levels.
57. Abnormal Oxygenation after recovery [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    Outcome reported as the mean number of participants in each arm had abnormal PaO2 or SaO2 and FiO2 levels at the end of quarantine period. Partial pressure of oxygen or peripheral saturation of oxygen by pulse oximetry. FiO₂ is estimated from oxygen flow/delivery rates
58. PROMIS Dyspnea Functional Limitations after recovery [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    The PROMIS Dyspnea (shortness of breath) item banks and pools assess self-reported Functional Limitations, Severity, Activity Motivation, Activity Requirements, Airborne Exposure, Assistant Devices Resources, Characteristics, Emotional Response, Task Avoidance and Time Extension as they related to dyspnea. In the 33-item Functional Limitations bank, 33 daily activities are rated in terms of degree of difficulty while engaging in the activity over the past 7 days (0 = no difficulty, 1 = a little difficulty, 2 = some difficulty, 3 = much difficulty). Total scores range from 0 to 99, with higher scores reflecting greater functional limitations. Measured at the end of quarantine period.
59. PROMIS Dyspnea Severity after recovery [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
    The PROMIS Dyspnea (shortness of breath) item banks and pools assess self-reported Functional Limitations, Severity, Activity Motivation, Activity Requirements, Airborne Exposure, Assistant Devices Resources, Characteristics, Emotional Response, Task Avoidance and Time Extension as they related to dyspnea. The 33-item Severity bank assesses the severity of difficulty breathing during various specific activities (the same 33 activities assessed in Dyspnea Functional Limitations). Each activity is rated in terms of degree of dyspnea (0 = no shortness of breath, 1 = mildly short of breath, 2 = moderately short of breath, 3 = severely short of breath) while engaging in the activity over the past 7 days. Total scores range from 0 to 99 with higher scores reflecting greater levels of dyspnea during daily activity. Measured at the end of quarantine period.

Other Outcome Measures:

1. Significant post-acute incident diagnoses after recovery at 28-days [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
   Incident rate per 1000 at 28-days in hospitalized COVID-19 is ascertained from hospital admission until 28-days or end of follow-up.
2. Significant post-acute incident diagnoses after recovery at 90-days [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
   Incident rate per 1000 at 90-days in hospitalized COVID-19 is ascertained from hospital admission until 90-days or end of follow-up.
3. Significant post-acute incident diagnoses after recovery at 6-months [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
   Incident rate per 1000 at 6-months in hospitalized COVID-19 is ascertained from hospital admission until 6-months or end of follow-up.

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years to 85 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• Presumptive positive laboratory test for SARS-CoV-2 based on local laboratory standard
• Age greater than or equal to 18 years of age

• Severe COVID-19, defined by:

  • A disease severity score of 3 (Hospitalized, on non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen devices) to 4 (Hospitalized, requiring supplemental oxygen).

AND o A respiratory SOFA >=1 and increased oxygen requirement compared to baseline among those on home O2, a blood oxygen saturation of 93% or less on room air, a ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) of less than 300 mm Hg, respiratory rate >30 breaths/min, or lung infiltrates >50% on chest CT

• Enrollment within 72 hours of presentation of hospital admission or within 72 hours of a positive test result, whichever is later

Exclusion Criteria:

• Enrollment > 72 hours of admission order or positive test result, whichever is later
• Admission to the hospital with a respiratory SOFA >=5 , Critical COVID-19, or Disease Severity Score >5 (requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), invasive mechanical ventilation, or all)
• Known hypersensitivity to fenofibrate

• For female subjects:

  1. Pregenant, determined by a human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) rapid detection kit or a blood test
  2. Breastfeeding
  3. Undergoing fertility treatments

• Patient-reported history or electronic medical record history of kidney disease, defined as:

  1. Any history of dialysis
  2. History of chronic kidney disease stage IV
  3. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) of < 30ml/min/1.73 m2 at the time of enrollment
• Acute pre-renal azotemia at the time of enrollment in the opinion of the investigator or bedside clinician
• Most recent mean arterial blood pressure prior to enrollment <65 mmHg

• Patient-reported history or electronic medical record history of severe liver disease, defined as:

  1. Cirrhosis
  2. History of hepatitis B or C
  3. Documented AST or ALT > 10 times the upper limit of normal measured within 24 hours prior to enrollment
• Patient-reported history or electronic medical record history of gallbladder disease
• Potassium >5.0 within 24 hours prior to enrollment unless a repeat value was <=5.0
• Treatment with coumarin anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin), immunosuppressants (e.g. cisplatin), bile acid resins, or sulfonylurea.
• Inability to obtain informed consent from participant or legally authorized representative
• Enrollment in another blinded randomized clinical trial for COVID

Contacts and Locations

Contacts

Contact: Yaakov Nahmias, PhD; +972-2-5494640; ynahmias@cs.huji.ac.il

Contact: Avner Ehrlich; +972-54-3181422; avner.ehrlich@mail.huji.ac.il

Locations

Israel

Barzilai Medical Center; Recruiting

Ashkelon, Israel, 7830604

Contact: Shlomo Maayan, MD

Rambam Health Care Campus; Recruiting

Haifa, Israel

Contact: Shadi Hamoud, Prof. MD. 04-7773097 s_hamoud@rmc.gov.il

Principal Investigator: Shadi Hamoud, Prof. MD.

Nazareth Hospital EMMS; Recruiting

Nazareth, Israel

Contact: Amir Alimi, MD

Principal Investigator: Amir Alimi, MD

Sponsors and Collaborators

Yaakov Nahmias

Barzilai Medical Center

Rambam Health Care Campus

Nazareth Hospital

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Shlomo Mayaan, MD; Barzilai Medical Center
• Study Director: Mahram Nassar, MD; Barzilai Medical Center
• Principal Investigator: Yaakov Nahmias, PhD; Hebrew University of Jerusalem

More Information

Publications:

Bornstein SR, Dalan R, Hopkins D, Mingrone G, Boehm BO. Endocrine and metabolic link to coronavirus infection. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020 Jun;16(6):297-298. doi: 10.1038/s41574-020-0353-9.

Ehrlich, A., Uhl, S., Ioannidis, K., Hofree, M., tenOever, B., and Nahmias, Y. (2020). The SARS-CoV-2 Transcriptional Metabolic Signature in Lung Epithelium. SSRN Electronic Journal.

McBride CE, Machamer CE. Palmitoylation of SARS-CoV S protein is necessary for partitioning into detergent-resistant membranes and cell-cell fusion but not interaction with M protein. Virology. 2010 Sep 15;405(1):139-48. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.031. Epub 2010 Jul 1.

Wu Q, Zhou L, Sun X, Yan Z, Hu C, Wu J, Xu L, Li X, Liu H, Yin P, Li K, Zhao J, Li Y, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang Q, Xu G, Chen H. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Recovered SARS Patients Twelve Years after Infection. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 22;7(1):9110. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09536-z.

Yan B, Chu H, Yang D, Sze KH, Lai PM, Yuan S, Shuai H, Wang Y, Kao RY, Chan JF, Yuen KY. Characterization of the Lipidomic Profile of Human Coronavirus-Infected Cells: Implications for Lipid Metabolism Remodeling upon Coronavirus Replication. Viruses. 2019 Jan 16;11(1). pii: E73. doi: 10.3390/v11010073.

Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010 Sep;47(3):193-9. doi: 10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4. Epub 2009 Mar 31.

Yuan S, Chu H, Chan JF, Ye ZW, Wen L, Yan B, Lai PM, Tee KM, Huang J, Chen D, Li C, Zhao X, Yang D, Chiu MC, Yip C, Poon VK, Chan CC, Sze KH, Zhou J, Chan IH, Kok KH, To KK, Kao RY, Lau JY, Jin DY, Perlman S, Yuen KY. SREBP-dependent lipidomic reprogramming as a broad-spectrum antiviral target. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 10;10(1):120. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08015-x.

Zhu L, She ZG, Cheng X, Qin JJ, Zhang XJ, Cai J, Lei F, Wang H, Xie J, Wang W, Li H, Zhang P, Song X, Chen X, Xiang M, Zhang C, Bai L, Xiang D, Chen MM, Liu Y, Yan Y, Liu M, Mao W, Zou J, Liu L, Chen G, Luo P, Xiao B, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Lu Z, Wang J, Lu H, Xia X, Wang D, Liao X, Peng G, Ye P, Yang J, Yuan Y, Huang X, Guo J, Zhang BH, Li H. Association of Blood Glucose Control and Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 and Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab. 2020 Jun 2;31(6):1068-1077.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.021. Epub 2020 May 1.

• Responsible Party: Yaakov Nahmias, Director of the Grass Center for Bioengineering, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04661930
• Other Study ID Numbers: 0105-20-BRZ; FENOC-005
• First Posted: December 10, 2020
• Last Update Posted: April 19, 2022
• Last Verified: April 2022

Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement:

• Plan to Share IPD: No

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No
• Product Manufactured in and Exported from the U.S.: Yes

Additional relevant MeSH terms:

COVID-19; Virus Diseases; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Respiratory Tract Infections; Infections; Pneumonia, Viral; Pneumonia; Coronavirus Infections; Coronaviridae Infections; Nidovirales Infections; RNA Virus Infections; Lung Diseases; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiration Disorders; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Fenofibrate; Hypolipidemic Agents; Antimetabolites; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Lipid Regulating Agents