Testing Two Oral Drugs Combination (Cediranib and Olaparib) Compared to a Single Drug (Olaparib) for Men With Advanced Prostate Cancer

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02893917
• Recruitment Status: Active, not recruiting
• First Posted: September 9, 2016
• Last Update Posted: January 4, 2023
• Sponsor: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Study Description

Brief Summary:

This randomized phase II trial studies how well olaparib with or without cediranib works in treating patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer that has spread to other places in the body (metastatic). PARPs are proteins that help repair DNA mutations. PARP inhibitors, such as olaparib, can keep PARP from working, so tumor cells can't repair themselves, and they may stop growing. Cediranib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. Giving olaparib and cediranib may help treat patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Condition or disease	Intervention/treatment	Phase
Advanced Prostate Adenocarcinoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation; Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma; Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation; Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma; Prostate Adenocarcinoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation; Stage IV Prostate Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7	Drug: Cediranib; Drug: Olaparib	Phase 2

Detailed Description:

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

I. To assess the clinical activity of the combination of cediranib and olaparib, as measured by radiographic progression free survival (rPFS), as compared to olaparib monotherapy in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To assess the clinical activity of the combination of cediranib and olaparib, as measured by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate, radiographic response rate by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version (v)1.1, and overall survival (OS), as compared to olaparib monotherapy in patients with mCRPC.

II. To evaluate association of homologous recombination deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair deficiency (HRD) with the clinical activity of the combination of cediranib and olaparib or olaparib monotherapy, as measured by rPFS, in mCRPC patients.

III. To evaluate the safety the combination of cediranib and olaparib and olaparib monotherapy in patients with metastatic prostate cancer.

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:

I. To characterize genomic alterations by whole exome sequencing in mCRPC patients and correlate that with clinical activity or resistance to olaparib with or without cediranib.

II. To characterize changes in ribonucleic acid (RNA) expression of DNA repair genes, angiogenesis markers, and immune markers, by whole transcriptome sequencing and correlate with clinical activity or resistance to olaparib with or without cediranib.

III. To characterize changes in immune tumor microenvironment in mCRPC patients by profiling expression of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and correlate with clinical activity or resistance to olaparib with or without cediranib.

IV. To identify baseline predictive biomarkers for rPFS or response and to identify on-treatment markers of acquired resistance in men with mCRPC receiving either olaparib plus cediranib or olaparib alone.

V. To explore biomarker signatures that correlate with the clinical activity or resistance to olaparib with or without cediranib, including changes in gene expression or acquired mutations in tumor biopsies.

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 arms.

ARM A: Patients receive olaparib orally (PO) twice daily (BID) and cediranib PO once daily (QD) on days 1-28. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

ARM B: Patients receive olaparib PO BID on days 1-28. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 6 months.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)
• Estimated Enrollment: 90 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: A Randomized Phase 2 Study of Cediranib in Combination With Olaparib Versus Olaparib Alone in Men With Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
• Actual Study Start Date: December 23, 2016
• Estimated Primary Completion Date: December 31, 2023
• Estimated Study Completion Date: December 31, 2023

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/treatment
Experimental: Arm A (olaparib, cediranib); Patients receive olaparib PO BID and cediranib PO QD on days 1-28. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.	Drug: Cediranib; Given PO; Other Name: AZD2171; Drug: Olaparib; Given PO; Other Names: AZD 2281; AZD-2281; AZD2281; KU-0059436; Lynparza; PARP Inhibitor AZD2281
Active Comparator: Arm B (olaparib); Patients receive olaparib PO BID on days 1-28. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.	Drug: Olaparib; Given PO; Other Names: AZD 2281; AZD-2281; AZD2281; KU-0059436; Lynparza; PARP Inhibitor AZD2281

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures :

1. Radiographic progression free survival [ Time Frame: Time interval from random assignment to the date when the first site of disease is found to progress, or death, whichever occurs first, assessed up to 2 years ]
   The two study arms will be compared for radiographic progression free survival with Kaplan-Meier estimates and log-rank tests. The Rothman confidence interval, which is based on Greenwood's variance, Thomas and Grunkemeier confidence interval, and the simultaneous confidence bands by Nair and Hall and Wellner, will be reported. In addition, the possible risk factors will be compared for survival with log-rank test.

Secondary Outcome Measures :

1. Overall survival [ Time Frame: Time between randomization and death due to any cause (or last contact for surviving patients and those lost to follow-up), assessed up to 2 years ]
   Will use the rank preserving structure failure time model for the overall survival analysis.
2. Objective response rate [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
   Will be assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. The exact 95% confidence interval of objective response rate will be reported based on the binomial distribution. The multivariate data analysis will be completed using the logistic regression model. The adjusted p-value and adjusted 95% confidence interval will also be reported.
3. Prostate-specific antigen response rate [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
   Prostate-specific antigen response will be defined by prostate-specific antigen decline from baseline > 50%, confirmed by a second value at 3-4 weeks later. Prostate-specific antigen response rate analysis will be based on a subset of patients who had prostate-specific antigen progression prior to enrollment. The multivariate data analysis will be completed using the logistic regression model.
4. Correlation between homologous recombination deficiency status and radiographic progression free survival [ Time Frame: Up to 2 weeks prior to start of therapy ]
   Homologous recombination deficiency positive status is defined by presence of homozygous deletion or deleterious mutations in key homologous recombination genes of deoxyribonucleic acid repair genes as analyzed by BROCA-homologous recombination test. The data analysis will be completed using Fisher's exact test. The multivariate data analysis will be completed using the generalized non-linear model.
5. Incidence of genomic alterations [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
   Will be assessed by whole exome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing. The biomarker data analysis will be completed using Lasso-based elastic net method.
6. incidence of adverse events [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
   Will be assessed by National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0 (CTCAE version 5.0 will be effective by April 1, 2018). Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and ranges for continuous parameters, as well as percentages and frequencies for categorical parameters, will be presented. Adverse medical events will be tabulated. NCI toxicity grade 3 and grade 4 laboratory abnormalities will be listed and tabled.

Other Outcome Measures:

1. Baseline predictive biomarkers by plasma angiome [ Time Frame: Baseline ]
   The data analysis will be completed using Lasso-based elastic net method.
2. On-treatment markers of acquired resistance by plasma angiome [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
   The data analysis will be completed using Lasso-based elastic net method.

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Sexes Eligible for Study: Male
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients must have histologically confirmed progressive, metastatic castration resistant prostate adenocarcinoma by meeting ALL the following:

  • Pathology of prostate gland or metastatic disease must confirm the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma; mixed histology with other variants including but not limited to small cell or neuroendocrine differentiation must be discussed with the study principal investigator (PI)
  • Metastasis must be documented by radiographic evidence
  • Castration resistance must be documented with surgical or medical castration with serum testosterone < 50 ng/dL (< 2.0 nM); if the patient is being treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists (patient who has not undergone orchiectomy), this therapy must have been initiated at least 4 weeks prior to cycle 1, day 1 and must be continued throughout the study

  • Progression must be evidenced and documented by any of the following parameters

    • Two consecutively rising PSA values, above the baseline, at a minimum of 1-week intervals; the minimal value to enter the study is 1.0 ng/ml or greater; the reference value (#1) is the last PSA measured before increases are documented, with subsequent values obtained a minimum of 1 week apart; if the PSA at time point 3 (value #3A) is greater than that at point 2, then eligibility has been met; if the PSA is not greater than point 2 (value #3B), but value #4 is, the patient is eligible assuming that other criteria are met, if values 3A or #4 are 1 ng/mL or higher (Prostate Cancer Working Group 3)
    • Appearance of one or more new lesions on bone scan
    • Progressive disease by RECIST 1.1
• Must have a tumor lesion safely accessible for biopsy per the investigator's discretion; while a soft tissue metastasis is preferred for a biopsy, a bone metastasis is allowed for biopsy as long as enough cores can be obtained; a biopsied lesion cannot be used for target lesion for response assessment
• Must be agreeable to the mandatory research tumor biopsies (pre-treatment and on-treatment); tumor biopsies are mandatory at pre-treatment and at on-treatment; there is an optional biopsy at post-progression
• Must have received at least two one prior line of therapy for mCRPC; a taxane chemotherapy administered for metastatic castration sensitive disease will not count, unless patient develops disease progression within 12 months from the last dose chemotherapy
• Must have a life expectancy greater than or equal to 16 weeks
• If patient is currently on prednisone or other corticosteroids for palliation, the dose must be less than or equal to 10 mg a day or its equivalent dose and it must have been started at least 4 weeks prior to cycle 1 day 1
• Patients must have measurable disease by RECIST v1.1, or evaluable disease with bone metastases demonstrated by Tc99 bone scan; patients with bone metastases only are allowed (NOTE: nodes >= 1.5 cm (not >= 2 cm) in the short axis are considered measurable, per The Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 [PCWG3])
• Toxicities of prior therapy (except alopecia) should be resolved to =< grade 1 as per National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) v5.0; patients with long-standing stable grade 2 neuropathy or others (e.g., adrenal insufficiency or hypothyroidism on stable doses of replacement therapy) may be allowed after discussion with the study principal investigator (PI)
• Age >= 18 years. There is no dosing or adverse event data currently available on the use of cediranib or olaparib in patients < 18 years of age, thus excluding them from enrollment
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 or 1 (Karnofsky >= 70%)
• White blood count (WBC) > 3 x 10^9/L (within 28 days prior to administration of study treatment)
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mcL (within 28 days prior to administration of study treatment)
• Platelets >= 100,000/mcL (within 28 days prior to administration of study treatment)
• Hemoglobin >= 10 g/dL with no pack red blood cell transfusion in the past 28 days (within 28 days prior to administration of study treatment)
• Creatinine clearance >= 51 mL/min, calculated using Cockcroft-Gault formula (within 28 days prior to administration of study treatment)
• Urine protein: creatinine ratio (UPC) of =< 1 (within 28 days prior to administration of study treatment)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x the institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (within 28 days prior to administration of study treatment)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) < 3 times institutional ULN unless liver metastases are present in which case they must be < 5 x ULN (within 28 days prior to administration of study treatment)
• Coagulation parameters (international normalized ratio [INR] and activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT]) within 1.25 x ULN institutional limits, except where a lupus anti-coagulant has been confirmed, or except patients on anticoagulation (within 28 days prior to administration of study treatment)
• Patients must be able to swallow oral medications and not have gastrointestinal illnesses that would preclude absorption of cediranib or olaparib
• Adequately controlled thyroid function, with no symptoms of thyroid dysfunction; patients can be on thyroid hormone replacement medication; asymptomatic patients with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal T4/T3 are allowed to enroll, and recommended to follow with routine thyroid function test especially if they are randomized to cediranib/olaparib arm
• Adequately controlled blood pressure (BP) < 140 mmHg (systolic) and < 90 mmHg (diastolic) taken in the clinic setting by a medical professional within 2 weeks prior to starting study; patients with hypertension may be managed with up to a maximum of 3 antihypertensive medications; patients who are on 3 antihypertensive medications are highly recommended to be followed by a cardiologist or blood pressure specialist for management of BP while on protocol
• Patients must be willing and able to check and record daily blood pressure readings when randomized to cediranib containing arm

• Patients must have documented left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by echocardiogram greater than institution's lower limit of normal (or 55% if threshold for normal not otherwise specified by institutional guidelines) obtained within 3 months prior to registration if they have any of the following risk factors for cardiac toxicities:

  • A New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification of II controlled with treatment
  • Prior central thoracic radiation therapy (RT), including RT to the heart
  • History of myocardial infarction within 12 months prior to registration
  • Prior treatment with anthracyclines
  • Prior treatment with trastuzumab
  • Prior history of other significant impaired cardiac function

• Male participants and their female partners, who are sexually active and of childbearing potential, must agree to the use of two highly effective forms of contraception in combination (see below for acceptable methods), and not to donate sperm, throughout the period of taking study treatment and for 3 months after last dose of study drug(s) to prevent pregnancy in a partner; acceptable methods of contraception to be used in this study include:

  • Condom with spermicide and one of the following:

    • Oral contraceptive or hormonal therapy (e.g. hormone implants)
    • Placement of an intra-uterine device

  • Acceptable non-hormonal birth control methods include:

    • Total sexual abstinence; abstinence must be for the total duration of the study and the drug washout period
    • Vasectomized sexual partner plus male condom; with participant assurance that partner received post-vasectomy confirmation of azoospermia
    • Tubal occlusion plus male condom with spermicide
    • Intrauterine device (IUD) plus male condom+spermicide; provided coils are copper-banded

  • Acceptable hormonal methods:

    • Etonogestrel implants (e.g., Implanon, Norplan) + male condom with spermicide
    • Normal and low dose combined oral pills + male condom with spermicide
    • Norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol (EE) transdermal system + male condom with spermicide
    • Intravaginal device + male condom with spermicide (e.g., EE and etonogestrel)
    • Cerazette (desogestrel) + male condom with spermicide; cerazette is currently the only highly efficacious progesterone based pill
• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who have had chemotherapy, hormonal therapy (except LHRH agonist or antagonist), immunotherapy, radioisotope therapy, or RT within 21 days prior to start of the study agents
• Initiating bisphosphonate, or RANKL antibody therapy or adjusting the dose/regimen within 30 days prior to cycle 1 day 1 is prohibited; patients on a stable bisphosphonate regimen are eligible and may continue
• Patients who have received any other investigational agents within the past 28 days prior to cycle 1 day 1
• Patients with untreated brain metastases, spinal cord compression, or evidence of symptomatic brain metastases or leptomeningeal disease as noted on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are excluded from this clinical trial; while screening brain MRI is not required, it should be performed if clinically indicated at the discretion of the treating investigator; should patient found to have brain metastasis, treatment of brain metastasis must precede the participation in this study

• For patients with known and treated brain metastases is allowed in this study if they fulfill ALL of the following criteria:

  • The lesions have remained radiologically stable for at least six weeks after completion of brain irradiation or stereotactic brain radiosurgery, and must remain stable at the time of study entry
  • There is no mass effect present radiologically and no steroids requirement for symptom control for more than 4 weeks
• Patients who have received a prior inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling inhibitor, or a poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor administered
• History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to cediranib or olaparib
• Concomitant use of known strong CYP3A inhibitors (e.g. itraconazole, telithromycin, clarithromycin, protease inhibitors boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat, indinavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir, boceprevir, telaprevir), moderate CYP3A inhibitors (e.g. ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, diltiazem, fluconazole, verapamil), strong CYP3A inducers (e.g. phenobarbital, enzalutamide, phenytoin, rifampicin, rifabutin, rifapentine, carbamazepine, nevirapine and St John's wort) or moderate CYP3A inducers (e.g. bosentan, efavirenz, modafinil); a minimum washout period of 2 weeks prior to cycle 1 day 1 is required for strong inhibitors, and at least one week for moderate inhibitors; a minimum washout period of 4 weeks prior to cycle 1 day 1 is required for CYP3A inducers; a minimum washout period of 5 weeks prior to cycle 1 day 1 is required for enzalutamide or phenobarbital; dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers are permitted for management of hypertension
• Current use of natural herbal products or other "folk remedies"; if using previously, patients must stop using natural herbal products while participating in this study; multivitamin, calcium (Ca)/vitamin D (Vit D) and other vitamin complex supplements are allowed
• Patients with concomitant or prior invasive malignancies within the past 5 years; subjects with limited stage basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, carcinoma in situ of the breast, or non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, are eligible as long as they received curative intent therapy
• Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, uncontrolled seizures ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
• Resting ECG with corrected QT (QTc) > 470 msec on two or more time points within a 24 hour period, noted within 14 days of treatment, or family history of long QT syndrome
• History of myocardial infarction within 6 months of the randomization
• History of stroke or transient ischemic attack within 6 months of the randomization
• NYHA classification of III or IV
• Current cardiac arrhythmic condition requiring concurrent use of anti-arrhythmic drug; rate controlled atrial fibrillation is allows
• History of hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy within 3 years of the randomization
• Clinically significant peripheral vascular disease or known abdominal aortic aneurysm ( > 5 cm in diameter) or history of aortic dissection; patients with known history of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with >= 4 cm in diameter, a repeat ultrasound (US) within the last 6 months prior to randomization will be required to document that it is =< 5 cm, and patient must be asymptomatic from the aneurysm, and the blood pressure must be well controlled as required in this protocol
• A major surgical procedure, open biopsy, or significant traumatic injury within 3 months prior to cycle 1 day 1 (percutaneous/endobronchial/endoscopic biopsies are allowed)
• History of bowel obstruction within 1 month prior to starting study drugs
• History of hemoptysis within the last 1 month prior to randomization
• Presence of cavitation of central pulmonary lesion, or radiographic evidence of pneumonitis or other extensive bilateral lung disease such as interstitial lung disease
• Any history of gastrointestinal (GI) perforation, history of intra-abdominal abscess within 3 months prior to starting treatment, or history of abdominal fistula unless the fistula history meets all the following: (a) the fistula was surgically repaired, (b) there has been no evidence of fistula for at least 6 months prior to starting treatment, (c) patient is deemed to be at low risk of recurrent fistula, and (d) the case must be discussed with the study PI
• Current dependency on intravenous (IV) hydration or total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
• Known coagulopathy or bleeding diathesis; those on therapeutic anticoagulation or anti-platelet agent are permitted only after discussing with the study PI
• Patients with history of intra-abdominal bleeding or retroperitoneal bleeding within the last 3 years are excluded
• Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), or features suggestive of MDS/AML
• Patients with known active human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection; it is because of the potential requirement for anti-viral therapies that are prohibited on the study; patients with a history of hepatitis B or hepatitis C, who are deemed cured and no longer require treatment may be allowed to enroll after consultation with the respective specialist and the study PI
• Previous allogenic bone marrow transplant or double umbilical cord blood transplantation (dUCBT)
• Whole blood transfusions in the last 120 days prior to entry to the study
• Involvement in the planning and/or conduct of the study (applies to both AstraZeneca staff and/or staff at the study site)
• Previous enrollment in the present study

Contacts and Locations

Locations

United States, California

UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center

La Jolla, California, United States, 92093

University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center

Sacramento, California, United States, 95817

UC San Diego Medical Center - Hillcrest

San Diego, California, United States, 92103

United States, Connecticut

Smilow Cancer Center/Yale-New Haven Hospital

New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06510

Yale University

New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520

United States, Florida

Moffitt Cancer Center

Tampa, Florida, United States, 33612

United States, Massachusetts

Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center

Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114

Brigham and Women's Hospital

Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215

United States, Michigan

Wayne State University/Karmanos Cancer Institute

Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48201

Weisberg Cancer Treatment Center

Farmington Hills, Michigan, United States, 48334

United States, Ohio

Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center

Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210

United States, Pennsylvania

University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI)

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15232

United States, Tennessee

Vanderbilt University/Ingram Cancer Center

Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232

United States, Virginia

Virginia Commonwealth University/Massey Cancer Center

Richmond, Virginia, United States, 23298

Sponsors and Collaborators

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Joseph W Kim; Yale University Cancer Center LAO

More Information

Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):

Kim JW, McKay RR, Radke MR, Zhao S, Taplin ME, Davis NB, Monk P, Appleman LJ, Lara PN Jr, Vaishampayan UN, Zhang J, Paul AK, Bubley G, Van Allen EM, Unlu S, Huang Y, Loda M, Shapiro GI, Glazer PM, LoRusso PM, Ivy SP, Shyr Y, Swisher EM, Petrylak DP. Randomized Trial of Olaparib With or Without Cediranib for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The Results From National Cancer Institute 9984. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Feb 1;41(4):871-880. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.02947. Epub 2022 Oct 18.

• Responsible Party: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02893917
• Other Study ID Numbers: NCI-2016-01346; NCI-2016-01346 ( Registry Identifier: CTRP (Clinical Trial Reporting Program) ); 2000020461; 9984 ( Other Identifier: Yale University Cancer Center LAO ); 9984 ( Other Identifier: CTEP ); UM1CA186689 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
• First Posted: September 9, 2016
• Last Update Posted: January 4, 2023
• Last Verified: January 2023

Additional relevant MeSH terms:

Carcinoma; Prostatic Neoplasms; Adenocarcinoma; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Neoplasms by Histologic Type; Neoplasms; Genital Neoplasms, Male; Urogenital Neoplasms; Neoplasms by Site; Genital Diseases, Male; Genital Diseases; Urogenital Diseases; Prostatic Diseases; Male Urogenital Diseases; Olaparib; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Cediranib; Enzyme Inhibitors; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Antineoplastic Agents; Protein Kinase Inhibitors