A Study Exploring Two Treatment Strategies in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Who Undergo Catheter Ablation Therapy (VENTURE-AF)

• Number of Participants With Incidence of Post-Procedure Major Bleeding Events [ Time Frame: Up to 30 plus or minus (+-) 5 days after the catheter ablation procedure ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Post-procedure major bleeding events include Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI), International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) and Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) Severe/life threatening bleeding.
  
  

• Number of Participants With Composite Endpoint of Myocardial Infarction (MI), Ischemic Stroke, Non-Central Nervous System (Non-CNS) Systemic Embolism and Vascular Death [ Time Frame: Up to 30 plus or minus (+-) 5 days after the catheter ablation procedure ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  The composite endpoint include Myocardial Infarction (MI), Ischemic Stroke, Non-Central Nervous System (non-CNS) Systemic Embolism and Vascular Death.
  
  
• Number of Participants With Myocardial Infarction (MI) [ Time Frame: Up to 30 plus or minus (+-) 5 days after the catheter ablation procedure ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  The MI was defined as clinical symptoms consistent with myocardial ischemia and cardiac biomarker elevation greater than the site's upper limit of normal (ULN) or development of new pathological Q waves in at least 2 contiguous leads on the electrocardiogram (ECG) or autopsy confirmation, OR Creatine kinase-muscle and brain subunit [or creatine kinase (CK) in the absence of CK-MB] greater than (>) 3 or 5 or 10 x ULN for samples obtained within 24 hours of the procedure if the baseline values were normal or at least a 50 percent (%) increase over elevated baseline values that were stable or decreasing or development of new pathological Q waves in at least 2 contiguous leads on the electrocardiogram. Symptoms of cardiac ischemia were not required.
  
  
• Number of Participants With Ischemic Stroke [ Time Frame: Up to 30 plus or minus (+-) 5 days after the catheter ablation procedure ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Stroke was defined as a new, sudden, focal neurological deficit resulting from a presumed cerebrovascular cause that was not reversible within 24 hours and not due to a readily identifiable cause such as a tumor or seizure.
  
  
• Number of Participants With Non-Central Nervous System (Non-CNS) Systemic Embolism [ Time Frame: Up to 30 plus or minus (+-) 5 days after the catheter ablation procedure ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  The Non-CNS systemic embolism was defined as abrupt vascular insufficiency associated with clinical or radiological evidence of arterial occlusion in the absence of other likely mechanisms, (example; trauma, atherosclerosis, instrumentation).
  
  
• Number of Participants With Vascular Death [ Time Frame: Up to 30 plus or minus (+-) 5 days after the catheter ablation procedure ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Any death that was not clearly non-vascular. Examples of vascular death included deaths due to bleeding, Myocardial Infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure and arrhythmias.
  
  

This is a randomized (participants are assigned to intervention groups by chance), open-label (both physicians and participants know the identity of the assigned treatment), active-controlled, multi-center safety study of rivaroxaban or VKA before and after a catheter ablation procedure. This study requires collaboration with medical institutions that provide access to electrophysiologists who normally perform the catheter ablation procedure. In this study, NVAF is to be defined as the presence of AF in a person who does not have a prosthetic heart valve (annuloplasty with or without prosthetic ring, commissurotomy and/or valvuloplasty are permitted) and who does not have hemodynamically significant mitral valve stenosis. Approximately 250 eligible participants, age 18 years or older, with a history of paroxysmal, persistent, or long standing persistent NVAF who are scheduled to undergo an elective catheter ablation procedure will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either rivaroxaban 20 mg orally, once-daily, administered preferably with the evening meal or VKA (adjusted to achieve a recommended International Normalized Ratio of 2.0 to 3.0).

The study will consist of a screening period, a pre-procedure period, procedure period and post-procedure period. The screening period will begin up to 2 weeks prior to randomization. Participants will be randomized at the beginning of the pre-procedure period. During this period, participants will be recommended to receive their assigned treatment for at least 4 weeks (maximum of 5 weeks) before the catheter ablation procedure. For participants with the sufficient anticoagulation, documented for the 3 weeks prior to randomization, and for participants with a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) or intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), the length of the pre-procedure period may be reduced down to 1-7 days and must include any transition from the previous anticoagulation therapy to randomized study drug.

After the catheter ablation procedure, participants will receive their post-procedure dose of study drug through a minimum of 30 + - 5 days. In addition to scheduled visits and telephone calls the study may also include additional phone calls and visits by the participant to the site when dose adjustment is required for usual care.