The Vienna RAP Pilot Study (RAP)

• Slope in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; 4 variables MDRD equation) and proteinuria within six months of exposure to sirolimus. [ Time Frame: Six months ]
  A single daily oral dose of sirolimus with trough levels of 4 to 8ng/dL in patients with advanced polycystic kidney disease and an eGFR of 20-40mL/min per 1.73m2 does not lead to a greater decline in kidney function as represented by the eGFR than -8.8mL/min per 1.73m2 within 6 months (one-sided) as well as it does not lead to an incline in proteinuria, as represented by the logarithm of the protein-creatinine ratio, greater than 0.39 within 6 months (one-sided).
  
  

• Leucopenia [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
  Drop in WBC below 4 G/L
  
  
• Thrombopenia [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
  Drop in platelets below 150 G/L
  
  
• Aphthae [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
  New onset of aphthaeous stomatitis under therapy with sirolimus
  
  
• Dysfunctional wound healing [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
  Dysfunctional and/or prolonged wound healing attributed to sirolimus therapy
  
  
• Pneumonitis [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
  Persisting cough and infiltrates on chest x-ray
  
  
• Acne [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
  Acne attributed to sirolimus therapy
  
  

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common form of renal cystic diseases, affecting all ethnic groups with an incidence of 1 in 400 to 1.000. In Austria an estimated 8.000 to 21.000 people, and an estimated 670.000 to 1.675.000 people worldwide are affected by ADPKD, although statements of up to 6.000.000 affected individuals have been made. ADPKD is responsible for 5 to 10 percent of patients on chronic hemodialysis. Individuals with ADPKD usually present in the 3rd to 4th decade of life, progressing to end-stage renal disease within 5 to 10 years after the onset of renal insufficiency. Usually renal replacement therapy, either by chronic dialysis or renal transplantation, becomes necessary. Currently there is no treatment for ADPKD other than blood pressure control and supportive care.

Thus, novel therapies for ADPKD are of great importance.

The formation of cysts in ADPKD follows a mutation located within either the polycystic kidney disease 1 or -2 gene on chromosomes 16 and 4, which are coding for polycystin 1 (PC1) and -2 (PC2), respectively. PC1 and PC2 are members of the polycystin family of integral membrane proteins. PC1 acts as a G-protein coupled receptor and is suggested to mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. PC2 acts as a nonselective cation channel and is supposed to act in ion exchange mechanisms. Among other pathways PC1 and 2 are functioning via a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is essential in protein translation, cell proliferation and -growth. Inhibition of the mTOR-pathway has reduced kidney enlargement in rodent polycystic kidney disease models and has shown to reduce the volume of cysts in human polycystic kidney- and polycystic liver disease. Thus, we hypothesize that the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus, an immunosuppressant drug with strong anti-proliferative effects, will delay the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with ADPKD in advanced stages of the disease.

Before conducting a large multicenter randomized controlled trial in this population we will demonstrate that therapy with mTOR-I does not accelerate the decline in renal function (as natural course of the disease), as well as mTOR-I does not aggravate prevalent-, or cause new onset of proteinuria, as expressed by the protein/creatinine ratio, in patients with ADPKD and an eGFR between 20 and 40 mL/min per 1.73sqm, compared to a historic cohort of patients with ADPKD and an eGFR between 20 and 40 mL/min per 1.73sqm, treated at the Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University Vienna.