An Adipocyte-Driven Mechanism For Weight Regain After Weight Loss: The Yo-Yo Effect (ADIPOSTRESS)

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01559415
• Recruitment Status: Completed
• First Posted: March 21, 2012
• Last Update Posted: December 23, 2014
• Sponsor: Maastricht University Medical Center
• Collaborator: ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): Maastricht University Medical Center

Study Description

Brief Summary:

Almost half of the Dutch population is currently characterized by overweight and obesity. Losing weight is not the problem in obesity treatment, it is the seemingly obligatory weight regain after weight loss: the yoyo-effect. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the association between the weight-loss-induced cellular stress response and the rate of weight regain. The secondary objective is to investigate the differences in cellular stress response and weight regain after rapid and slow weight loss. To investigate this, subjects will receive meal replacements replacing either all or part of the daily meals during the intervention period. THe first group will consume 500 kcal/d diet for 5 weeks while the second group consumes a 1250 kcal/d diet for 3 months, both followed by 1 week normalization and a 2 week strict weight maintenance diet. During the 9-month follow-up period subjects will receive dietary advice according to the Dutch recommendations for healthy eating. The association between the amount of weight regain after the weight loss period and changes in adipokines, parameters of adipocyte metabolism, in vivo adipose tissue metabolism, adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profiles, adipocyte stress protein expression and gene polymorphisms in selected genes.

Condition or disease	Intervention/treatment	Phase
Obesity; Weight Loss; Diet	Other: Meal replacement diet using Modifast; Other: Normal diet combined with Modifast diet	Not Applicable

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)
• Actual Enrollment: 58 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Official Title: An Adipocyte-Driven Mechanism For Weight Regain After Weight Loss: The Yo-Yo Effect
• Study Start Date: March 2012
• Actual Primary Completion Date: November 2014
• Actual Study Completion Date: November 2014

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/treatment
Experimental: Very Low Calorie Diet	Other: Meal replacement diet using Modifast; modifast intensive diet replacing all regular meals (500 kcal/d) for 5 weeks
Active Comparator: Low Calorie Diet; 1250 kcal diet in which Modifast is given in combination with a normal diet	Other: Normal diet combined with Modifast diet; Combination of modifast and regular diet (1250 kcal/d) for 3 months

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures :

1. change in weight following weight loss [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and at 46 weeks ]
   VLCD diet group
2. change in weight following weight loss [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and at 53 weeks ]
   LCD diet group

Secondary Outcome Measures :

1. change in adipokine profile due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]

   In VLCD-group.

   Parameters of adipokine profile, including:

   leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa

2. change in adipokine during weight stable-period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and after 9 weeks ]

   In VLCD-group.

   Parameters of adipokine profile, including:

   leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa

3. change in adipokine profile during follow-up (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks ]

   In VLCD-group.

   Parameters of adipokine profile, including:

   leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa

4. change in adipokine profile due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]

   In LCD-group.

   Parameters of adipokine profile, including:

   leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa

5. change in adipokine profile during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]

   In LCD-group.

   Parameters of adipokine profile, including:

   leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa

6. change in adipokine profile during follow-up (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks ]

   In LCD-group.

   Parameters of adipokine profile, including:

   leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa

7. Changes in adipokine profile in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

   In LCD-group.

   Parameters of adipokine profile, including:

   leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa

8. change in adipokine profile in relation to weight regain during follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

   In LCD-group and VLCD-group

   Parameters of adipokine profile, including:

   leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa

9. change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]

   In VLCD-group.

   Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism:

   • ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4
   • Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile
10. change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]

    In VLCD-group.

    Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism:

    • ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4
    • Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile
11. change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism during follow-up period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks ]

    In VLCD-group.

    Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism:

    • ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4
    • Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile
12. change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]

    In LCD-group.

    Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism:

    • ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4
    • Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile
13. change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]

    In LCD-group.

    Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism:

    • ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4
    • Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile
14. change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism during follow-up (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks ]

    In LCD-group.

    Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism:

    • ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4
    • Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile
15. Changes in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism:

    • ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4
    • Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile
16. change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism in relation to weight regain during follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    In LCD-group and VLCD-group.

    Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism:

    • ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4
    • Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile
17. change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]

    In VLCD-group.

    In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions:

    • adipose tissue blood flow
    • adipose tissue PO2
    • adipose tissue oxygen consumption
    • adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides
18. change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]

    In VLCD-group.

    In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions:

    • adipose tissue blood flow
    • adipose tissue PO2
    • adipose tissue oxygen consumption
    • adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides
19. change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism during follow-up period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up period at 46 weeks ]

    In VLCD-group.

    In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions:

    • adipose tissue blood flow
    • adipose tissue PO2
    • adipose tissue oxygen consumption
    • adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides
20. change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]

    In LCD-group.

    In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions:

    • adipose tissue blood flow
    • adipose tissue PO2
    • adipose tissue oxygen consumption
    • adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides
21. change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]

    In LCD-group.

    In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions:

    • adipose tissue blood flow
    • adipose tissue PO2
    • adipose tissue oxygen consumption
    • adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides
22. change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism during follow-up period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up period at 53 weeks ]

    In LCD-group.

    In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions:

    • adipose tissue blood flow
    • adipose tissue PO2
    • adipose tissue oxygen consumption
    • adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides
23. change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions:

    • adipose tissue blood flow
    • adipose tissue PO2
    • adipose tissue oxygen consumption
    • adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides
24. change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism in relation to weight regain during follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    In LCD-group and VLCD-group

    In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions:

    • adipose tissue blood flow
    • adipose tissue PO2
    • adipose tissue oxygen consumption
    • adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides
25. change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]

    VLCD diet group

    Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed:

    • micro-arrays on RNA expression
    • protein expression
    • Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9
26. change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]

    VLCD diet group

    Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed:

    • micro-arrays on RNA expression
    • protein expression
    • Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9
27. change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile during follow-up period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up period at 46 weeks ]

    VLCD diet group

    Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed:

    • micro-arrays on RNA expression
    • protein expression
    • Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9
28. change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]

    LCD diet group

    Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed:

    • micro-arrays on RNA expression
    • protein expression
    • Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9
29. change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]

    LCD diet group

    Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed:

    • micro-arrays on RNA expression
    • protein expression
    • Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9
30. change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile during follow-up period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up period ]

    LCD diet group

    Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed:

    • micro-arrays on RNA expression
    • protein expression
    • Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9
31. change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed:

    • micro-arrays on RNA expression
    • protein expression
    • Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9
32. change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile in relation to weight regain during follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    In LCD-group and VLCD-group

    Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed:

    • micro-arrays on RNA expression
    • protein expression
    • Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9
33. change in adipocyte stress proteins expression due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]

    VLCD diet group

    Adipocyte stress proteins expression:

    • components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins
    • 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta
34. change in adipocyte stress proteins expression during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]

    VLCD diet group

    Adipocyte stress proteins expression:

    • components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins
    • 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta
35. change in adipocyte stress proteins expression during follow-up period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up period at week 46 ]

    VLCD diet group

    Adipocyte stress proteins expression:

    • components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins
    • 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta
36. change in adipocyte stress proteins expression due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]

    LCD diet group

    Adipocyte stress proteins expression:

    • components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins
    • 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta
37. change in adipocyte stress proteins expression during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at week 16 ]

    LCD diet group

    Adipocyte stress proteins expression:

    • components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins
    • 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta
38. change in adipocyte stress proteins expression during follow-up period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at week 16 and after follow-up period at 53 weeks ]

    LCD diet group

    Adipocyte stress proteins expression:

    • components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins
    • 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta
39. change in adipocyte stress proteins expression in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    Adipocyte stress proteins expression:

    • components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins
    • 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta
40. change in adipocyte stress proteins expression in relation to weight regain during follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    In LCD-group and VLCD-group

    Adipocyte stress proteins expression:

    • components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins
    • 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta
41. change in physiological parameters due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]

    Physiological parameters:

    Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat

42. change in physiological parameters during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]

    Physiological parameters:

    Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat

43. change in physiological parameters during follow-up period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks ]

    Physiological parameters:

    Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat

44. change in physiological parameters due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]

    Physiological parameters:

    Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat

45. change in physiological parameters during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]

    Physiological parameters:

    Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat

46. change in physiological parameters during follow-up (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks ]

    Physiological parameters:

    Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat

47. Changes in physiological parameters in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    Physiological parameters:

    Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat

48. Changes in physiological parameters in relation to weight regain during follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    Physiological parameters:

    Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat

49. change in plasma metabolic parameters due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]

    Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on:

    Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides

50. change in plasma metabolic parameters during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]

    Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on:

    Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides

51. change in plasma metabolic parameters during follow-up period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks ]

    Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on:

    Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides

52. change in plasma metabolic parameters due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]

    Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on:

    Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides

53. change in plasma metabolic parameters during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]

    Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on:

    Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides

54. change in plasma metabolic parameters during follow-up (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks ]

    Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on:

    Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides

55. Changes in plasma metabolic parameters in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on:

    Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides

56. Changes in plasma metabolic parameters in relation to weight regain during follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    In LCD-group and VLCD-group

    Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on:

    Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides

57. change in fat cell size and fat cell number due to the dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]
58. change in fat cell size and fat cell number during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]
59. change in fat cell size and fat cell number during follow-up period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks ]
60. change in fat cell size and fat cell number due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]
61. change in fat cell size and fat cell number during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]
62. change in fat cell size and fat cell number during follow-up (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks ]
63. Changes in fat cell size and fat cell number in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]
64. Changes in fat cell size and fat cell number in relation to weight regain after weight loss [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]
    In LCD-group and VLCD-group
65. change in breath volatile organic compounds due to the dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]
66. change in breath volatile organic compounds during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]
67. change in breath volatile organic compounds during follow-up period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks ]
68. change in breath volatile organic compounds due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]
69. change in breath volatile organic compounds during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]
70. change in breath volatile organic compounds during follow-up (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks ]
71. Changes in breath volatile organic compounds in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]
72. Changes in breath volatile organic compounds in relation to weight regain during follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]
    In LCD-group and VLCD-group
73. change in inflammatory parameters due to the dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]

    In VLCD-group.

    Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in:

    • Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
    • Micro-array
    • PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
74. change in inflammatory parameters during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]

    In VLCD-group.

    Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in:

    • Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
    • Micro-array
    • PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
75. change in inflammatory parameters during follow-up period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks ]

    In VLCD-group.

    Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in:

    • Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
    • Micro-array
    • PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
76. change in inflammatory parameters due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]

    In LCD-group.

    Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in:

    • Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
    • Micro-array
    • PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
77. change in inflammatory parameters during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]

    In LCD-group.

    Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in:

    • Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
    • Micro-array
    • PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
78. change in inflammatory parameters during follow-up (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks ]

    In LCD-group.

    Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in:

    • Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
    • Micro-array
    • PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
79. Changes in inflammatory parameters in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in:

    • Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
    • Micro-array
    • PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
80. Changes in inflammatory parameters in relation to weight regain during the follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in:

    • Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
    • Micro-array
    • PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1)
81. Changes in protein concentration of metabolic parameters due to the dietary intervention (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet ]

    Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including:

    CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS

82. Changes in protein concentration of metabolic parameters during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks ]

    Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including:

    CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS

83. change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters during follow-up (VLCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks ]

    Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including:

    CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS

84. change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet ]

    Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including:

    CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS

85. change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters during weight-stable period (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks ]

    Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including:

    CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS

86. change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters during follow-up (LCD-group) [ Time Frame: at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks ]

    Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including:

    CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS

87. change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including:

    CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS

88. change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters in relation to weight regain during follow-up [ Time Frame: at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks ]

    In LCD-group and VLCD-group

    Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including:

    CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 20 Years to 65 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age (years): 20-65
• Body Mass Index (kg/m2): 28-35
• Non-smokers

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subjects using prescription medication, or suffering from diseases or conditions that might influence the outcome of the study: this concerns diseases/medication that influence body weight regulation (malabsorption, untreated hypo/hyperthyroidism, eating disorders, systemic use of steroids, etc.) and obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors (heart disease, systolic and diastolic blood pressures > 160/100 mmHg, blood glucose > 6.1 mmol L-1, blood cholesterol > 7 mmol L-1, blood triglycerides > 3 mmol L-1)
• marked alcohol consumption > 21 alcoholic units week-1 (male), or >14 alcoholic units week-1 (female)
• planned major changes in physical activity during the study to an extent that might interfere with the study outcome as judged by the investigator;
• blood donation within the past 2 months prior to the study
• weight change of >3 kg within 2 months prior to the study
• psychiatric disease (based on medical history only)
• pregnant or lactating women, or women planning to become pregnant within the next 12 months
• surgically treated obesity
• participation in other clinical studies within the last 3 months
• drug abuse (based on clinical judgment)
• unable to give informed consent
• unable to engage in a low-calorie diet
• unable to lose more then 8% of body weight after weight-loss period
• following a special diet (vegetarian, Atkins or other).

Contacts and Locations

Locations

Netherlands

Maastricht University

Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands, 6200 MD

Sponsors and Collaborators

Maastricht University Medical Center

ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Marleen van Baak, Professor; Maastricht University

More Information

Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):

Qiao Q, Bouwman FG, van Baak MA, Roumans NJT, Vink RG, Mariman ECM. Plasma Levels of Triglycerides and IL-6 Are Associated With Weight Regain and Fat Mass Expansion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jun 16;107(7):1920-1929. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac198.

Tareen SHK, Kutmon M, de Kok TM, Mariman ECM, van Baak MA, Evelo CT, Adriaens ME, Arts ICW. Stratifying cellular metabolism during weight loss: an interplay of metabolism, metabolic flexibility and inflammation. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 3;10(1):1651. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58358-z.

Roumans NJT, Wang P, Vink RG, van Baak MA, Mariman ECM. Combined Analysis of Stress- and ECM-Related Genes in Their Effect on Weight Regain. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018 Mar;26(3):492-498. doi: 10.1002/oby.22093. Epub 2018 Feb 5.

Vink RG, Roumans NJ, van der Kolk BW, Fazelzadeh P, Boekschoten MV, Mariman EC, van Baak MA. Adipose Tissue Meal-Derived Fatty Acid Uptake Before and After Diet-Induced Weight Loss in Adults with Overweight and Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017 Aug;25(8):1391-1399. doi: 10.1002/oby.21903. Epub 2017 Jun 22.

Roumans NJ, Vink RG, Fazelzadeh P, van Baak MA, Mariman EC. A role for leukocyte integrins and extracellular matrix remodeling of adipose tissue in the risk of weight regain after weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 May;105(5):1054-1062. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.148874. Epub 2017 Mar 15.

Vink RG, Roumans NJ, Cajlakovic M, Cleutjens JPM, Boekschoten MV, Fazelzadeh P, Vogel MAA, Blaak EE, Mariman EC, van Baak MA, Goossens GH. Diet-induced weight loss decreases adipose tissue oxygen tension with parallel changes in adipose tissue phenotype and insulin sensitivity in overweight humans. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017 May;41(5):722-728. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2017.38. Epub 2017 Feb 9.

• Responsible Party: Maastricht University Medical Center
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01559415
• Other Study ID Numbers: 38099
• First Posted: March 21, 2012
• Last Update Posted: December 23, 2014
• Last Verified: December 2014

Keywords provided by Maastricht University Medical Center:

Adipocytes

Additional relevant MeSH terms:

Body Weight; Weight Loss; Body Weight Changes