Peritoneal Vacuum Therapy to Reduce Inflammatory Response From Abdominal Sepsis/Injury (SAD)

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01355094
• Recruitment Status: Active, not recruiting
• First Posted: May 17, 2011
• Last Update Posted: January 26, 2022
• Sponsor: University of Calgary
• Collaborators: 3M; Alberta Health services
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): Andrew W Kirkpatrick, University of Calgary

Study Description

Brief Summary:

This pilot study will evaluate the effectiveness in actively removing the peritoneal fluid through the use of a commercial suction device compared to passive drainage of the same peritoneal fluid drained through standard surgical drains under bulb suction only, in critically ill patients who require an "open abdomen". Both techniques being used, the commercial KCI AbThera™ device and home made "Stampede" VAC system, are currently approved for use in Canada and used in our facility.

The use or non-use of the open abdomen and its relationship to intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), the level of IAH must be treated and if so how should be treated - remain controversial. The ultimate treatment for IAH/ACS is to leave the abdominal fascia open after laparotomy, utilizing some form of temporary abdominal closure (TAC) techniques, resulting in an "open abdomen"(OA). The decision to accept an OA can only be made in the operating room and is typically made quite arbitrarily (there is no current standard or protocol),and the TAC used is based on the surgeon's best judgment. The study intends to randomize patients after it has been decided that a TAC is required, which will be applied in the operating room while the patient is fully anesthetized. The only intervention required is to obtain small aliquots (a teaspoonful-15ml) of blood for the evaluation of inflammatory mediators levels, as well as the same volume of intra-peritoneal fluid-that is typically discarded in patients with OA.

Condition or disease	Intervention/treatment	Phase
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome; Intra-abdominal Hypertension	Device: KCI AbThera; Device: "Stampede" VAC	Not Applicable

Detailed Description:

Excessive pressure within the peritoneal cavity, known as intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), can adversely affect not only intra-peritoneal organ function, but also other organ systems throughout the body. When IAH > 20 mmHg induces new organ dysfunction, a potentially lethal condition known as the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is defined. Practically, this syndrome can be considered multi-system organ failure occurring from severe IAH. While the physical effects of IAH/ACS are increasingly being described, the humoral ones, related to IAH-induced ischemia are poorly understood. Recent animal work suggests that aggressively removing intra-peritoneal fluids, assumed to be vasoactive mediator-rich, leads to better systemic outcomes. There is no human data to support this however. Previous attempts at peritoneal drainage in inflammatory conditions such as sepsis and pancreatitis where not conclusive, but this may have been due to the inefficiency of the systems used and the lack of attention to IAH. Recently, efficient systems providing a temporary abdominal closure (TAC) to both drain intra-peritoneal fluids and to control IAH have been introduced. One of these dressing systems, known as the KCI AbThera™ Abdominal Dressing is currently approved for use in Canada as a temporary abdominal closure (TAC) device but its role in ameliorating systemic sepsis/SIRS has not been evaluated.

We propose a randomized trial of using either the "home Calgary Stampede Vac" involving wall suction or the KCI AbThera™ Abdominal Dressing, to dress the abdomen whenever the operative surgeon determines that an open abdomen is warranted to treat the patient.

In general, others have hypothesized that cytokines, especially peritoneal levels, are sensitive indicators of the post-operative inflammatory reaction and may predict complications. In experimental models IL-6 levels are higher in non-survivors. Further, previous work has noted that the blood level of IL-6, which has a longer half life than TNF-α or IL-1β, is a good index of the overall cytokine cascade activation. Thus the main outcomes to be compared will be between mean cytokine levels measured in each of the two treatment groups - to determine if the KCI AbThera™ Abdominal Dressing can significantly reduce the blood concentration of IL-6 when compared with the "Stampede VAC" system. We are hoping to better understand how the body responds to the inflammatory process that naturally occurs during and after an episode of intra-abdominal hypertension, to identify signals or markers of inflammation and infection as well as its progression and outcome.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)
• Estimated Enrollment: 50 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: Peritoneal Vacuum Therapy to Reduce the Systemic Inflammatory Insult From Intraperitoneal Sepsis/Injury/Hypertension: A Randomized Comparison of Baseline Wall Suction Versus the KCI AbThera™ Abdominal Dressing
• Study Start Date: June 2011
• Estimated Primary Completion Date: June 2023
• Estimated Study Completion Date: June 2023

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/treatment
Active Comparator: "Stampede" VAC; Calgary-home-made "Stampede" VAC system with only closed drain bulb suction	Device: "Stampede" VAC; The time that the dressing will be left in place will be left to the discretion of the attending surgeon, but revised practice guidelines mandate either formal abdominal closure or dressing change at 24-96 hours from placement. Upon the first OA dressing change, the surgeon is free to utilize whatever temporary closure they choose. Just prior to placement of the dressing, 16 ml (1 table spoon) of blood will be drawn from an existing arterial or venous line (this will qualify as Day 1). The same quantity of blood will be drawn on days 2, 3, 7 and 28 (or hospital discharge, whichever comes first). 15ml of peritoneal fluid will also be collected from the abdomen on the same days or until closure of the abdomen and removal of the dressing.
Experimental: KCI AbThera; commercial AbThera vacuum assisted abdominal closure at 125 mmHg suction	Device: KCI AbThera; The time that the dressing will be left in place will be left to the discretion of the attending surgeon, but revised practice guidelines mandate either formal abdominal closure or dressing change at 24-96 hours from placement. Upon the first OA dressing change, the surgeon is free to utilize whatever temporary closure they choose. Just prior to placement of the dressing, 16 ml (1 table spoon) of blood will be drawn from an existing arterial or venous line (this will qualify as Day 1). The same quantity of blood will be drawn on days 2, 3, 7 and 28 (or hospital discharge, whichever comes first). 15ml of peritoneal fluid will also be collected from the abdomen on the same days or until closure of the abdomen and removal of the dressing.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures :

1. Systemic inflammatory marker levels and peritoneal fluid inflammatory marker levels [ Time Frame: admission to dicharge, expected average of hospital stay 4 weeks. ]
   Intra-peritoneal and plasma inflammatory mediators will be measured on a treatment allocation basis immediately after initiation of the TAC, and thereafter at 2, 3, 7 and 28 days. The mediators studied will include, but are not limited to TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and CRP.

Secondary Outcome Measures :

1. Physiological Outcomes [ Time Frame: admission to hospital discharge; expected average of hospital stay 4 weeks. ]
   Determination of the type and activation status of inflammatory cells present in the peritoneal fluid, Measurement of the activation potential of peritoneal fluid, Peritoneal fluid drainage volume, Post-operative fluid balance, Mean 24 hour intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), daily WSACS IAH grading classification, APACHE II score, SOFA score, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, Oxygenation Index, Vasopressor Requirements,RIFLE score, Need for renal replacement therapy, Mean 24 hour lactate level, Mean 24 hour enteral tolerance (if no anastomosis)
2. Global Outcomes [ Time Frame: patients will be followed-up for 6 months ]
   Death, days with fascial closure for the month after admission, ventilator free days for the month after admission, ICU free days from the month after admission, days free of renal replacement therapy.

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• Critically ill/injured requiring intensive care unit admission
• Decision regarding the need to utilize an open abdomen technique after the first laparotomy
• Age > 18
• Non-pregnant

Exclusion Criteria:

• Decision to formally close the abdomen after the initial laparotomy
• Patients receiving intra-peritoneal chemotherapy
• Pregnancy
• Age < 18

Contacts and Locations

Locations

Canada, Alberta

Foothills Medical Centre

Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 2T9

Sponsors and Collaborators

University of Calgary

3M

Alberta Health services

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Andrew W Kirkpatrick, MD; Canadian Trauma Trials Collaborative

More Information

Publications:

Nathens AB, Brenneman FD, Boulanger BR. The abdominal compartment syndrome. Can J Surg. 1997 Aug;40(4):254-8. Review.

Kirkpatrick AW, Baxter KA, Simons RK, Germann E, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM. Intra-abdominal complications after surgical repair of small bowel injuries: an international review. J Trauma. 2003 Sep;55(3):399-406.

Kirkpatrick AW, De Waele JJ, Ball CG, Ranson K, Widder S, Laupland KB. The secondary and recurrent abdominal compartment syndrome. Acta Clin Belg. 2007;62 Suppl 1:60-5.

Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW, McBeth P. The secondary abdominal compartment syndrome: not just another post-traumatic complication. Can J Surg. 2008 Oct;51(5):399-405.

Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Scand J Surg. 2007;96(3):197-204. Review.

Schein M, Wittmann DH, Aprahamian CC, Condon RE. The abdominal compartment syndrome: the physiological and clinical consequences of elevated intra-abdominal pressure. J Am Coll Surg. 1995 Jun;180(6):745-53. Review.

Balogh ZJ, van Wessem K, Yoshino O, Moore FA. Postinjury abdominal compartment syndrome: are we winning the battle? World J Surg. 2009 Jun;33(6):1134-41. doi: 10.1007/s00268-009-0002-x. Review.

Malbrain ML, Cheatham ML, Kirkpatrick A, Sugrue M, Parr M, De Waele J, Balogh Z, Leppäniemi A, Olvera C, Ivatury R, D'Amours S, Wendon J, Hillman K, Johansson K, Kolkman K, Wilmer A. Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. I. Definitions. Intensive Care Med. 2006 Nov;32(11):1722-32. Epub 2006 Sep 12.

Cheatham ML, Malbrain ML, Kirkpatrick A, Sugrue M, Parr M, De Waele J, Balogh Z, Leppäniemi A, Olvera C, Ivatury R, D'Amours S, Wendon J, Hillman K, Wilmer A. Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. II. Recommendations. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jun;33(6):951-62. Epub 2007 Mar 22.

Mayberry JC, Mullins RJ, Crass RA, Trunkey DD. Prevention of abdominal compartment syndrome by absorbable mesh prosthesis closure. Arch Surg. 1997 Sep;132(9):957-61; discussion 961-2.

Fietsam R Jr, Villalba M, Glover JL, Clark K. Intra-abdominal compartment syndrome as a complication of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Am Surg. 1989 Jun;55(6):396-402.

Raeburn CD, Moore EE, Biffl WL, Johnson JL, Meldrum DR, Offner PJ, Franciose RJ, Burch JM. The abdominal compartment syndrome is a morbid complication of postinjury damage control surgery. Am J Surg. 2001 Dec;182(6):542-6.

Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Holcomb JB, Ware DN, Moore FA. Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome is an elusive early complication of traumatic shock resuscitation. Am J Surg. 2002 Dec;184(6):538-43; discussion 543-4.

Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW, Karmali S, Malbrain ML, Gmora S, Mahabir RC, Doig C, Hameed SM. Tertiary abdominal compartment syndrome in the burn injured patient. J Trauma. 2006 Nov;61(5):1271-3.

Malbrain ML, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, Bihari D, Innes R, Ranieri VM, Del Turco M, Wilmer A, Brienza N, Malcangi V, Cohen J, Japiassu A, De Keulenaer BL, Daelemans R, Jacquet L, Laterre PF, Frank G, de Souza P, Cesana B, Gattinoni L. Incidence and prognosis of intraabdominal hypertension in a mixed population of critically ill patients: a multiple-center epidemiological study. Crit Care Med. 2005 Feb;33(2):315-22.

Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(7):1303-10.

Slade E, Tamber PS, Vincent JL. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: raising awareness to reduce mortality. Crit Care. 2003 Feb;7(1):1-2. Epub 2003 Jan 8.

Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, Bion J, Parker MM, Jaeschke R, Reinhart K, Angus DC, Brun-Buisson C, Beale R, Calandra T, Dhainaut JF, Gerlach H, Harvey M, Marini JJ, Marshall J, Ranieri M, Ramsay G, Sevransky J, Thompson BT, Townsend S, Vender JS, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL; International Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee; American Association of Critical-Care Nurses; American College of Chest Physicians; American College of Emergency Physicians; Canadian Critical Care Society; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; European Respiratory Society; International Sepsis Forum; Japanese Association for Acute Medicine; Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Hospital Medicine; Surgical Infection Society; World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan;36(1):296-327. Erratum in: Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr;36(4):1394-6.

Malbrain ML, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, Wilmer A, Brienza N, Malcangi V, Bihari D, Innes R, Cohen J, Singer P, Japiassu A, Kurtop E, De Keulenaer BL, Daelemans R, Del Turco M, Cosimini P, Ranieri M, Jacquet L, Laterre PF, Gattinoni L. Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: a multicentre epidemiological study. Intensive Care Med. 2004 May;30(5):822-9. Epub 2004 Feb 3.

Regueira T, Hasbun P, Rebolledo R, Galindo J, Aguirre M, Romero C, Castillo L, Bugedo G, Hernandez G. Intraabdominal hypertension in patients with septic shock. Am Surg. 2007 Sep;73(9):865-70.

Chow AW, Evans GA, Nathens AB, Ball CG, Hansen G, Harding GK, Kirkpatrick AW, Weiss K, Zhanel GG. Canadian practice guidelines for surgical intra-abdominal infections. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2010 Spring;21(1):11-37.

Marshall JC, Innes M. Intensive care unit management of intra-abdominal infection. Crit Care Med. 2003 Aug;31(8):2228-37. Review.

Goins WA, Rodriguez A, Joshi M, Jacobs D. Intra-abdominal abscess after blunt abdominal trauma. Ann Surg. 1990 Jul;212(1):60-5.

Landow L, Andersen LW. Splanchnic ischaemia and its role in multiple organ failure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1994 Oct;38(7):626-39. Review.

Welborn MB, Oldenburg HS, Hess PJ, Huber TS, Martin TD, Rauwerda JA, Wesdorp RI, Espat NJ, Copeland EM 3rd, Moldawer LL, Seeger JM. The relationship between visceral ischemia, proinflammatory cytokines, and organ injury in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Crit Care Med. 2000 Sep;28(9):3191-7.

Ivatury RR, Porter JM, Simon RJ, Islam S, John R, Stahl WM. Intra-abdominal hypertension after life-threatening penetrating abdominal trauma: prophylaxis, incidence, and clinical relevance to gastric mucosal pH and abdominal compartment syndrome. J Trauma. 1998 Jun;44(6):1016-21; discussion 1021-3.

Fink MP, Delude RL. Epithelial barrier dysfunction: a unifying theme to explain the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction at the cellular level. Crit Care Clin. 2005 Apr;21(2):177-96. Review.

Rongione AJ, Kusske AM, Ashley SW, Reber HA, McFadden DW. Interleukin-10 prevents early cytokine release in severe intraabdominal infection and sepsis. J Surg Res. 1997 Jul 1;70(2):107-12.

Yao YM, Redl H, Bahrami S, Schlag G. The inflammatory basis of trauma/shock-associated multiple organ failure. Inflamm Res. 1998 May;47(5):201-10. Review.

Wortel CH, van Deventer SJ, Aarden LA, Lygidakis NJ, Büller HR, Hoek FJ, Horikx J, ten Cate JW. Interleukin-6 mediates host defense responses induced by abdominal surgery. Surgery. 1993 Sep;114(3):564-70.

Scheingraber S, Bauerfeind F, Böhme J, Dralle H. Limits of peritoneal cytokine measurements during abdominal lavage treatment for intraabdominal sepsis. Am J Surg. 2001 Apr;181(4):301-8.

van Berge Henegouwen MI, van der Poll T, van Deventer SJ, Gouma DJ. Peritoneal cytokine release after elective gastrointestinal surgery and postoperative complications. Am J Surg. 1998 Apr;175(4):311-6.

Jansson K, Redler B, Truedsson L, Magnuson A, Matthiessen P, Andersson M, Norgren L. Intraperitoneal cytokine response after major surgery: higher postoperative intraperitoneal versus systemic cytokine levels suggest the gastrointestinal tract as the major source of the postoperative inflammatory reaction. Am J Surg. 2004 Mar;187(3):372-7.

Hendriks T, Bleichrodt RP, Lomme RM, De Man BM, van Goor H, Buyne OR. Peritoneal cytokines predict mortality after surgical treatment of secondary peritonitis in the rat. J Am Coll Surg. 2010 Aug;211(2):263-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.03.038. Epub 2010 Jun 26.

Holzheimer RG, Schein M, Wittmann DH. Inflammatory response in peritoneal exudate and plasma of patients undergoing planned relaparotomy for severe secondary peritonitis. Arch Surg. 1995 Dec;130(12):1314-9; discussion 1319-20.

Martineau L, Shek PN. Peritoneal cytokine concentrations and survival outcome in an experimental bacterial infusion model of peritonitis. Crit Care Med. 2000 Mar;28(3):788-94.

Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, Cruz DN, Brienza N, Giunta F. PMX endotoxin removal in the clinical practice: results from the EUPHAS trial. Contrib Nephrol. 2010;167:83-90. doi: 10.1159/000315922. Epub 2010 Jun 1.

Nakamura M, Oda S, Sadahiro T, Hirayama Y, Watanabe E, Tateishi Y, Nakada TA, Hirasawa H. Treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock by CHDF using a PMMA membrane hemofilter as a cytokine modulator. Contrib Nephrol. 2010;166:73-82. doi: 10.1159/000314855. Epub 2010 May 7. Review.

Ratanarat R, Brendolan A, Piccinni P, Dan M, Salvatori G, Ricci Z, Ronco C. Pulse high-volume haemofiltration for treatment of severe sepsis: effects on hemodynamics and survival. Crit Care. 2005 Aug;9(4):R294-302. Epub 2005 Apr 28.

Caronna R, Benedetti M, Morelli A, Rocco M, Diana L, Prezioso G, Cardi M, Schiratti M, Martino G, Fanello G, Papini F, Farelli F, Meniconi RL, Marengo M, Dinatale G, Chirletti P. Clinical effects of laparotomy with perioperative continuous peritoneal lavage and postoperative hemofiltration in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2009 Dec 16;4:45. doi: 10.1186/1749-7922-4-45.

Silva E, de Figueiredo LF, Colombari F. Prowess-shock trial: a protocol overview and perspectives. Shock. 2010 Sep;34 Suppl 1:48-53. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181e7e97b. Review.

Jennings WC, Wood CD, Guernsey JM. Continuous postoperative lavage in the treatment of peritoneal sepsis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1982 Oct;25(7):641-3.

De Waele JJ, Hesse UJ, Pattyn P, Decruyenaere J, de Hemptinne B. Postoperative lavage and on demand surgical intervention in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Acta Chir Belg. 2000 Feb;100(1):16-20.

Schwarz A, Bölke E, Peiper M, Schulte am Esch J, Steinbach G, van Griensven M, Orth K. Inflammatory peritoneal reaction after perforated appendicitis: continuous peritoneal lavage versus non lavage. Eur J Med Res. 2007 May 29;12(5):200-5.

Buanes TA, Andersen GP, Jacobsen U, Nygaard K. Perforated appendicitis with generalized peritonitis. Prospective, randomized evaluation of closed postoperative peritoneal lavage. Eur J Surg. 1991 Apr;157(4):277-9.

Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):

Björck M, Kirkpatrick AW, Cheatham M, Kaplan M, Leppäniemi A, De Waele JJ. Amended Classification of the Open Abdomen. Scand J Surg. 2016 Mar;105(1):5-10. doi: 10.1177/1457496916631853. Epub 2016 Feb 29.

Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, Faris PD, Ball CG, Kubes P, Tiruta C, Xiao Z, Holodinsky JK, McBeth PB, Doig CJ, Jenne CN. Active Negative Pressure Peritoneal Therapy After Abbreviated Laparotomy: The Intraperitoneal Vacuum Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Surg. 2015 Jul;262(1):38-46. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001095.

Roberts DJ, Jenne CN, Ball CG, Tiruta C, Léger C, Xiao Z, Faris PD, McBeth PB, Doig CJ, Skinner CR, Ruddell SG, Kubes P, Kirkpatrick AW. Efficacy and safety of active negative pressure peritoneal therapy for reducing the systemic inflammatory response after damage control laparotomy (the Intra-peritoneal Vacuum Trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013 May 16;14:141. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-141.

• Responsible Party: Andrew W Kirkpatrick, Medical Director, Trauma Services, CD, MD, FACS, FRCSC, MHSc, University of Calgary
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01355094
• Other Study ID Numbers: E-23706
• First Posted: May 17, 2011
• Last Update Posted: January 26, 2022
• Last Verified: January 2022

Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement:

• Plan to Share IPD: No
• Plan Description: No plan

Keywords provided by Andrew W Kirkpatrick, University of Calgary:

temporary abdomen closure; peritoneal vacuum therapy; open abdomen; abdominal compartment syndrome; intra-abdominal sepsis; intra-abdominal hypertension; critical care

Additional relevant MeSH terms:

Sepsis; Compartment Syndromes; Intra-Abdominal Hypertension; Hypertension; Pathologic Processes; Vascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Infections; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; Inflammation; Muscular Diseases; Musculoskeletal Diseases