Using Incentives to Improve Parolee Participation and Attendance in Community Treatment (PIP)
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| ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01090245 |
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Recruitment Status
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Completed
First Posted
: March 19, 2010
Last Update Posted
: May 10, 2017
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Under funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs (ISAP), in collaboration with Walden House and the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, is conducting a five-year study that will involve a randomized test of the use of incentives with parolees in a community-based residential substance abuse treatment program to increase treatment admission and treatment retention, and thereby increase the likelihood of improved outcomes. Study participants will be recruited from clients in a prison-based treatment program who have a referral to the Walden House community program. The Admission Phase of the study assesses the effect of an incentive (voucher) on enrolling in the Walden House program. The Attendance Phase assesses the effect of incentives on treatment attendance and on post-treatment drug use, crime, and psychosocial behaviors, including HIV risk behaviors. In addition, an incentive protocol will test whether an incentive will encourage participation in HIV testing and counseling. The intervention will last for six months.
Hypothesis 1. The use of incentives will significantly increase subject enrollment in community treatment.
Hypothesis 2. The use of incentives will significantly increase subject retention in community treatment.
Huypothesis 3. The use of incentives will significantly increase subject participation in HIV testing and counseling.
Study participants will be interviewed at baseline and at 12 months following the intervention. Treatment and criminal justice data will be obtained. Data on acceptability, satisfaction, and sustainability will be collected from focus groups with staff and clients.
| Condition or disease | Intervention/treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
| Substance Abuse HIV Infections | Behavioral: Contingency management: voucher/monetary incentives for treatment attendance Behavioral: Information | Not Applicable |
A considerable body of research indicates that prison-based treatment followed by continuing treatment in the community is effective in reducing drug abuse and crime among drug-abusing offenders. However, the impact of providing treatment is less than optimal because offenders often fail to follow through on treatment referrals, leave treatment early, or have poor engagement in treatment activities. In particular, participation in prison-based treatment alone is seldom effective in reducing drug use or recidivism unless it is followed by participation in community treatment. For correctional systems that provide a continuum of care model from prison to community, low rates of admission and retention result in poor outcomes and poor resource utilization. One way to address this problem is to provide incentives to parolees for community treatment participation. Although research supports the effectiveness of behavioral reinforcement, mainly in the form of contingency management (CM), for general substance abuse populations, CM has not yet been tested or adapted for use in community-based programs for offender populations, particularly to encourage treatment attendance.
In addition, recent research has documented elevated rates of HIV infection among incarcerated populations compared to the general population, with prevalence of HIV among inmates in US prisons being estimated to be 6 to 10 times higher than in the general population. Upon release from prison, parolees often immediately resume high-risk behaviors that they engaged in prior to incarceration. Because of the high level of exposure to HIV infection that accompanies drug use, particularly by injection, drug treatment programs for high-risk offenders can serve as a valuable setting for preventing the spread of HIV, both through HIV prevention/education activities and through access to HIV testing and counseling.
Under funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs (ISAP), in collaboration with Walden House and the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, is conducting a five-year study that will involve a randomized test of the use of incentives with parolees in a community-based residential substance abuse treatment to increase treatment admission and treatment retention, and thereby increase the likelihood of improved outcomes. Study participants will be recruited from clients in a prison-based treatment program who have a referral to the Walden House community program. The Admission Phase of the study assesses the effect of an incentive (voucher) on enrolling in the Walden House program. The Attendance Phase assesses the effect of incentives on treatment attendance and on post-treatment drug use, crime, and psychosocial behaviors, including HIV risk behaviors. In addition, an incentive protocol will test whether an incentive will encourage participation in HIV testing and counseling. The intervention will last for six months.
Hypothesis 1. The use of incentives will significantly increase subject enrollment in community treatment.
Hypothesis 2. The use of incentives will significantly increase subject retention in community treatment.
Huypothesis 3. The use of incentives will significantly increase subject participation in HIV testing and counseling.
Study participants will be interviewed at baseline and at 12 months following the intervention. Treatment and criminal justice data will be obtained. Data on acceptability, satisfaction, and sustainability will be collected from focus groups with staff and clients.
| Study Type : | Interventional (Clinical Trial) |
| Actual Enrollment : | 202 participants |
| Allocation: | Randomized |
| Intervention Model: | Parallel Assignment |
| Masking: | None (Open Label) |
| Primary Purpose: | Treatment |
| Official Title: | Using Incentives to Improve Parolee Participation and Attendance in Community Tx |
| Study Start Date : | April 2010 |
| Actual Primary Completion Date : | January 2014 |
| Actual Study Completion Date : | August 2014 |
| Arm | Intervention/treatment |
|---|---|
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Active Comparator: Attendance Information Group
Participants in the Attendance Information Group will receive an individual information session along with a pamphlet describing the benefits of remaining in treatment after release from prison and on the benefits of HIV prevention and testing. In addition, they will receive the standard treatment offered by the Walden House Los Angeles program.
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Behavioral: Information
Attendance Information Group will receive an individual information session along with a pamphlet describing the benefits of remaining in treatment after release from prison and on the benefits of HIV prevention and testing.
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Experimental: Attendance Incentive Group
Participants in the Attendance Incentive Group could receive up to $841.50 in incentives for their treatment attendance and the standard treatment offered by the Walden House Los Angeles program.
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Behavioral: Contingency management: voucher/monetary incentives for treatment attendance
Contingency management: Escalation with reset for non-attendance. Daily. Up to $841.50 in incentives for treatment attendance.
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- Community treatment admission [ Time Frame: Within 7 days of release to parole ]
- Community treatment retention [ Time Frame: 6 months ]
- Participation in HIV testing and counseling [ Time Frame: 2 months ]
- Substance abuse [ Time Frame: 18 months after release from prison ]
- Arrest and reincarceration [ Time Frame: 18 months after release from prison ]
- psychosocial: employment, education, family relationships, psychological functioning, and HIV risk [ Time Frame: 18 months after release from prison ]employment, education, family relationships, psychological functioning, and HIV risk
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| Ages Eligible for Study: | 18 Years and older (Adult, Senior) |
| Sexes Eligible for Study: | Male |
| Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- At least 18 years of age
- English speaking
- Within one month of parole
- Able to provide informed consent to participate in the study
- Received a referral to the Walden House Los Angeles Transitional Treatment Center
Exclusion Criteria:
- Potential subjects will be excluded from participating if they have serious cognitive problems that preclude their ability to provide informed consent or understanding of the questionnaire items, if they are a sexually violent predator or a child molester or if they have severe mental health problems.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01090245
| Principal Investigator: | Michael L Prendergast, Ph.D. | University of California, Los Angeles | |
| Study Director: | Elizabeth A Hall, Ph.D. | University of California, Los Angeles |
Publications of Results:
| Responsible Party: | Michael Prendergast, Research Historian, University of California, Los Angeles |
| ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT01090245 History of Changes |
| Other Study ID Numbers: |
1R01DA025627-01A1 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract ) |
| First Posted: | March 19, 2010 Key Record Dates |
| Last Update Posted: | May 10, 2017 |
| Last Verified: | May 2017 |
Keywords provided by Michael Prendergast, University of California, Los Angeles:
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contingency management substance abuse treatment criminal justice populations substance abuse treatment retention HIV prevention in criminal justice settings |
voucher based reinforcement therapy Parole treatment admission for substance abusing parolees Parole treatment retention for substance abusing parolees HIV testing and counseling for substance abusing parolees |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
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HIV Infections Substance-Related Disorders Lentivirus Infections Retroviridae Infections RNA Virus Infections Virus Diseases |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Immune System Diseases Chemically-Induced Disorders Mental Disorders |