Oral Supplement for Pregnant and Lactating Mothers

• The incidence of diarrhea in infants from birth to 1 year [ Time Frame: 24 months ]
  

• In infants: growth, morbidity, immune maturation, metabolomics profile [ Time Frame: 18 months ]
  
• In mothers: fetal growth, general health, immune system, metabolomics profile and preterm delivery [ Time Frame: 18 months ]
  

During pregnancy mothers have to fulfill the tremendous physiological needs to support their own immune status as well as that of their babies. Accordingly, it appears highly valuable to provide mothers with a nutritional supplement during pregnancy and lactation to promote the immune development in newborns, thus reinforcing the infants' defenses.

In that respect, an appropriate maternal diet must provide sufficient energy and nutrients to meet the mother's usual requirements and promote health status, as well as the needs of the growing fetus and beyond for the neonate.

Key organogenesis steps take place during fetal life and many functional features of the immune system are already coded in the genetic asset of the individual. However, at birth the immune system remains fairly immature. An epigenetic, postnatal instruction seems to be extremely important for the maturation of the immune system allowing its full functionality.

The cross-talk between the mother and her baby is, indeed, crucial for the optimal development of the foetus and subsequently for the full and functional maturation of the neonate.

The newborn relies for his protection almost exclusively on his innate immune system that is initially instructed and educated early in life by factors derived from his mother as well as post-natal environmental factors such as early life colonization with micro-organisms that activates the innate immunity and enhance Th1-cell polarization thereby potentially reducing atopic dermatitis with respect to the hygiene hypothesis.

A large part of this immune education is provided by factors transmitted from the mother pre-natally through the placenta or post-natally via the breast milk. Breast milk contains a number of nutrients and bioactive components, including immune cells, maternal antibodies (mainly secretory IgA), cytokines, growth factors, lactoferrin, nucleotides, triacylglycerols, fatty acids, oligosaccharides, and vitamins. All together, these components beneficially impact the health status of the newborn, conferring, among other functions, immune education and early protection.

A typical example of such transfer of immune competence is the TGF-β that could be transmitted in active from either through the placenta or absorbed by the neonates through the milk. This TGF-β is an important IgA switch factor and this is likely to be responsible, in part, for the capacity of breast-fed infant to produce higher levels of mucosal SIgA compared to non-breast fed infants. Moreover, milk soluble CD14 transmitted to the newborn contributes to prime the neonatal gut to modulate the microbial recognition and establishment of endogenous microbiota.

Diarrhea episodes are major manifestation of common infant infections of viral or bacterial aetiology and are a key health concern in paediatrics. As mentioned above there are evidences that some probiotic strains significantly improve diarrheal outcomes in infants, particularly rotavirus diarrhea. In that respect diarrhea occurrence was selected as the primary outcome in the present trial.