Primary Outcome Measures:
- Tolerability of NIV as Assessed by an NIV Tolerance Score [ Time Frame: Completed at time 0min, 30min, 60min, 3hr, 6hr, 12hr, and then every 12 hours after the start of NPPV therapy up to 72 hours ]
NIV tolerance (NIV intolerance score =1 out of 4) A score of 1 for a comfortable and relaxed patient tolerating NIV; a score of 2 for mild intolerance with some discomfort and occasionally grabbing at the NIV mask; a score of 3 for moderate intolerance and discomfort with the NIV mask most of the time but more frequent grabbing at the mask, sometimes pulling it off; and a score of 4 for severe NIV intolerance with agitation and the inability to leave the NIV mask in place. The outcome measure description of the time frame is reported as the average of the NIV tolerance scores reported at the various time frames (0min, 30min, 60 min, 3hr, 6hr, 12hr, and then every 12hr after the start of NIV therapy up to 72 hours)
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- Percent of Study Time Spent With a Riker-SAS Score Between 3 and 4 Inclusive [ Time Frame: Completed at baseline and every 4 hours after the start of NPPV therapy for the duration of the study ]
Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) is increasingly being used to manage patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) in an effort to avoid the numerous negative sequelae associated with intubation and mechanical ventilation. In the USA, it is estimated that 20-30% of all patients placed on mechanical ventilation are treated with NPPV. Indications for NPPV include but are not limited to acute or acute-on-chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients or that due to chest wall deformity or neuromuscular disease. For NPPV to be successful, it is critical that the patient be cooperative and comfortable (i.e. no pain) as agitation and discomfort interfere with the success of NPPV.
Despite the importance of patient comfort during NPPV, physicians infrequently use sedation or analgesic therapy during NPPV, primarily due to concerns about the respiratory depressant effects of most of the sedatives (e.g., benzodiazepines) and analgesics (e.g., opioids) that are currently available. In addition, neither the benzodiazepines nor opioids are easily titratable, can easily accumulate and can be associated with both the development of delirium and a withdrawal effect.
Dexmedetomidine is an intravenous rapid-onset, short acting ά 2-receptor agonist that is approved for short-term sedation in post-operative and critically ill patients. It has been stated that this drug produces a state of "cooperative sedation" allowing the patient to interact with health care providers. Dexmedetomidine has been used for its ability to cause sympatholysis and, because of analgesic properties, to decrease the need for opioids. Potential advantages include its short half life and intravenous route of administration, permitting rapid titration to achieve sedation targets and, in patients with respiratory failure; it can provide both sedation and analgesia without inducing respiratory depression. Despite these advantages, it is currently used by less than 5% of pulmonologists/ intensivists as the primary sedative option during NPPV and has not been studied in a controlled fashion in this population. Therefore, dexmedetomidine may prove to be more efficacious and safe compared to standard sedation/analgesic therapy during NPPV.
