Telephone Counseling and the Distribution of Nicotine Patches to Smokers

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00851357
• Recruitment Status: Completed
• First Posted: February 25, 2009
• Results First Posted: February 10, 2020
• Last Update Posted: February 13, 2020
• Sponsor: University of California, San Diego
• Collaborator: California Department of Health Services
• Information provided by (Responsible Party): Shu-Hong Zhu, University of California, San Diego

Study Description

Brief Summary:

The primary purpose of this study is to determine the effects of distributing free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to tobacco quitline callers directly. Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Test if sending active nicotine patches directly will lead to a higher quit rate, compared to a condition where the quitline assists the smokers to obtain patches by other means (e.g. via their health plans).
2. Test if sending placebo patches directly will also lead to a higher quit rate.
3. Test if quitline counseling increases the quit rate when the smokers already receive the nicotine patches.

Condition or disease	Intervention/treatment	Phase
Smoking Cessation	Drug: Nicotine Patch; Behavioral: Telephone Counseling; Drug: Placebo; Other: Self-Help Materials	Phase 3

Detailed Description:

Studies have shown that statewide tobacco quitlines can dramatically increase call volume by offering direct mailings of free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products. Sending free NRT such as patches to quitline callers, however, often requires a large budget because quitlines have a large number of smokers calling for help each year. A strong rationale is needed for state funding agencies to pay for the patches, which are generally considered the responsibility of health plans. This study will contrast the condition of sending nicotine patches directly from the quitline with a condition where the quitline assists smokers to obtain patches by other means, primarily through their health plans. The study aims to demonstrate that sending patches immediately after smokers call the quitline has a motivational effect that will lead to a higher quit rate than if smokers have to obtain the patches themselves, even if they are able to obtain them for free. To tease apart how much of the effect of sending patches directly from the quitline is due to the active ingredient in the patches and how much is due to motivational effects, this study adds a placebo condition. We hypothesize that the active patches condition will outperform the placebo condition, and the sending of placebo patches will outperform the condition in which the smokers obtain the nicotine patches themselves. We also hypothesize that counseling has its own effect on quitting above and beyond that of the nicotine patches. This study will supply data that can be used to decide what role nicotine replacement therapy should play in publicly funded tobacco cessation programs. Results will also add to the theoretical understanding of behavior change from which new, effective interventions can spring.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)
• Actual Enrollment: 4200 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: The Efficacy of Telephone Counseling and the Centralized Distribution of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Through a Smoking Cessation Quitline
• Study Start Date: February 2009
• Actual Primary Completion Date: October 2010
• Actual Study Completion Date: December 2011

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/treatment
Experimental: Active patches and telephone counseling; Proactive Telephone Counseling and 8-weeks of nicotine patches	Drug: Nicotine Patch; Subjects are randomized into 1 of 3 conditions: active, placebo or usual care. Usual care subjects are not mailed patches; however, we facilitate their use by providing a certificate that can be used by the State Medicaid program and some insurance companies to obtain free patches. For those mailed patches directly, we will mail 8 weeks of patches. Dosage depends on the number of cigarettes per day (cpd). Light smokers (6-10 cpd) will receive 6 weeks of 14 mg and 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Heavy smokers (11+ cpd) will receive 4 weeks of 21 mg, 2 weeks of 14 mg and 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Placebo patches will have no nicotine, but will be packaged to mimic the active patches.; Other Name: Habitrol; Behavioral: Telephone Counseling; Subjects call the Helpline and are screened for services. Eligible clients who give consent will be randomly assigned to a group. Subjects will be randomized into one of 2 behavioral conditions: telephone counseling or self-help materials. Telephone counseling includes a comprehensive pre-quit session (to include motivation, planning, and setting of a quit date and discussion of nicotine patch use) plus up to 5 proactive follow-up calls. Telephone counseling has several distinguishing features, namely proactive follow up counseling calls, a manualized protocol, and relapse-sensitive scheduling.
Placebo Comparator: Placebo patches and telephone counseling; Proactive Telephone Counseling and 8-weeks of placebo patches	Behavioral: Telephone Counseling; Subjects call the Helpline and are screened for services. Eligible clients who give consent will be randomly assigned to a group. Subjects will be randomized into one of 2 behavioral conditions: telephone counseling or self-help materials. Telephone counseling includes a comprehensive pre-quit session (to include motivation, planning, and setting of a quit date and discussion of nicotine patch use) plus up to 5 proactive follow-up calls. Telephone counseling has several distinguishing features, namely proactive follow up counseling calls, a manualized protocol, and relapse-sensitive scheduling.; Drug: Placebo; Placebo nicotine patch; Other Name: Non-nicotine patch
Active Comparator: Telephone counseling; Proactive Telephone Counseling	Behavioral: Telephone Counseling; Subjects call the Helpline and are screened for services. Eligible clients who give consent will be randomly assigned to a group. Subjects will be randomized into one of 2 behavioral conditions: telephone counseling or self-help materials. Telephone counseling includes a comprehensive pre-quit session (to include motivation, planning, and setting of a quit date and discussion of nicotine patch use) plus up to 5 proactive follow-up calls. Telephone counseling has several distinguishing features, namely proactive follow up counseling calls, a manualized protocol, and relapse-sensitive scheduling.
Active Comparator: Active patches and materials; 8-weeks of nicotine patches and materials	Drug: Nicotine Patch; Subjects are randomized into 1 of 3 conditions: active, placebo or usual care. Usual care subjects are not mailed patches; however, we facilitate their use by providing a certificate that can be used by the State Medicaid program and some insurance companies to obtain free patches. For those mailed patches directly, we will mail 8 weeks of patches. Dosage depends on the number of cigarettes per day (cpd). Light smokers (6-10 cpd) will receive 6 weeks of 14 mg and 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Heavy smokers (11+ cpd) will receive 4 weeks of 21 mg, 2 weeks of 14 mg and 2 weeks of 7 mg patches. Placebo patches will have no nicotine, but will be packaged to mimic the active patches.; Other Name: Habitrol; Other: Self-Help Materials; Subjects call the Helpline and are screened for services. Eligible clients who give consent will be randomly assigned to a group. Subjects will be randomized into one of 2 behavioral conditions: telephone counseling or self-help materials. Reading materials and written consent will be mailed to all study subjects the next business day.
Active Comparator: Placebo patches and materials; 8-weeks placebo patches and materials	Drug: Placebo; Placebo nicotine patch; Other Name: Non-nicotine patch; Other: Self-Help Materials; Subjects call the Helpline and are screened for services. Eligible clients who give consent will be randomly assigned to a group. Subjects will be randomized into one of 2 behavioral conditions: telephone counseling or self-help materials. Reading materials and written consent will be mailed to all study subjects the next business day.
Active Comparator: Materials; Self-help materials	Other: Self-Help Materials; Subjects call the Helpline and are screened for services. Eligible clients who give consent will be randomly assigned to a group. Subjects will be randomized into one of 2 behavioral conditions: telephone counseling or self-help materials. Reading materials and written consent will be mailed to all study subjects the next business day.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures :

1. Number of Participants With Six-month Continuous Abstinence From Cigarettes [ Time Frame: 7 months post enrollment ]

Secondary Outcome Measures :

1. Number of Participants Quit for 30-days at 2-months Post Enrollment [ Time Frame: 2-months post enrollment ]

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• >= 18 years old
• Daily smoker
• >=6 cigarettes per day
• Ready to quit within one month
• First time quitline caller
• Valid phone number
• Valid address (no P.O. boxes)
• California resident
• Agree to participate in study and evaluation
• English or Spanish speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

• Uses other form of tobacco
• Use of Zyban or Chantix
• One of the following conditions: Severe allergy to adhesive tape, Arrhythmia, Angina, Heart attack within last year, Stroke within last year, Uncontrolled high blood pressure, Insulin-dependent diabetes, Pregnancy

Contacts and Locations

Locations

United States, California

University of Californian, San Diego: California Smokers' Helpline

San Diego, California, United States, 92111

Sponsors and Collaborators

University of California, San Diego

California Department of Health Services

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Shu-Hong Zhu, Ph.D.; University of California, San Diego

More Information

• Responsible Party: Shu-Hong Zhu, Professor, University of California, San Diego
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00851357
• Other Study ID Numbers: CDPH 05-45834
• First Posted: February 25, 2009
• Results First Posted: February 10, 2020
• Last Update Posted: February 13, 2020
• Last Verified: February 2020

Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement:

• Plan to Share IPD: No

Keywords provided by Shu-Hong Zhu, University of California, San Diego:

Nicotine Replacement Therapy; Nicotine Patch; Smoking cessation; Telephone; Tobacco cessation; Counseling; Nicotine; Self-Help; Smoking abstinence; Tobacco Use Disorder

Additional relevant MeSH terms:

Nicotine; Ganglionic Stimulants; Autonomic Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Nicotinic Agonists; Cholinergic Agonists; Cholinergic Agents; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action