Testing Pharmacological Therapies for Pregnant Smokers

• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00224419
• Recruitment Status: Terminated
• First Posted: September 23, 2005
• Last Update Posted: July 21, 2014
• Sponsor: Duke University
• Collaborator: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
• Information provided by: Duke University

Study Description

Brief Summary:

Nicotine dependence has not been sufficiently addressed in current state-of-the-science cessation interventions for pregnant smokers. The weight of the evidence from the general population of smokers suggests that nicotine replacement therapies may be beneficial cessation aids for pregnant smokers who are unable to stop smoking. The tremendous potential of these therapies for promoting smoking cessation among pregnant women creates a pressing need for decision tools and protocols to encourage treatment adherence that is essential for rigorous evaluation of the effectiveness of OTC NRT when provided as part of prenatal care. The results of this research could be directly translated to the improvement of obstetrical care providers' clinical practices. Medically supervised use of OTC NRT by pregnant smokers is an alternative to continued smoking that has the potential to substantially increase rates of smoking cessation during pregnancy.

Condition or disease	Intervention/treatment	Phase
Smoking; Pregnancy	Behavioral: Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation; Behavioral: Cognitive behaviors therapy; Drug: CBT + NRT	Phase 4

Detailed Description:

The proposed five-year study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of providing over-the-counter (OTC) nicotine replacement therapy, choice of gum, lozenge or patch, (NRT) to promote prepartum smoking cessation. Proposed is a two-arm design. Eligible pregnant women (N=300) will be randomized to either: Arm 1, Tailored Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (TCBT, n=100) that provides women with customized risk information about smoking and nicotine, the potential harms to the fetus and encouragement of appropriate behavioral skills building; or Arm 2, TCBT + NRT - the tailored intervention incorporating NRT information plus choice of patch or gum (n=200). The intervention will include 5 face-to-face contacts as part of prenatal visits and 1 telephone counseling session. Primary outcome measures will be biochemically validated 7-day prevalent abstinence rates at the 19-27th and 29-37th week of pregnancy. Secondary outcomes will include 7-day prevalent abstinence rates at 12 weeks postpartum, serious quit attempts, compliance with NRT, and use of materials. Saliva cotinine will be measured among all women at baseline, the 27-35th week of pregnancy, and 12 weeks postpartum. The significance of this project is that it relies on transdisciplinary collaborations to extend the science in nicotine replacement therapies to a population that could derive substantial health benefits. Moreover, the study results have immediate potential to inform clinical recommendations for integrating nicotine replacement into prenatal care.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional (Clinical Trial)
• Actual Enrollment: 181 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: Testing Pharmacological Therapies for Pregnant Smokers
• Study Start Date: June 2003
• Actual Primary Completion Date: August 2006

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/treatment
Active Comparator: 1 - CBT Counseling; Participants in this arm received a tailored CBT (TCBT) intervention that included: a written self-help guide, feedback about the importance of reducing nicotine exposure to the fetus, 5 face to face and 1 telephone counseling session.	Behavioral: Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation; All participants received a tailored CBT (TCBT) intervention that included: a written self-help guide, info about the importance of reducing nicotine exposure to the fetus, 5 face to face and 1 telephone counseling session. Women in the TCBT + NRT arm were guided through a process of deciding on nicotine gum, lozenge or patch. To minimize fetal exposure, the dose of NRT was customized to the woman's current level of smoking. Women who smoked 5-10 cigarettes a day were given the 14 mg patch or instructed to use one 2 mg lozenge or 2 mg piece of gum to replace each cigarette she usually smoked per day. Those who smoked 11 cigarettes or more per day were given the 21 mg patch or instructed to use no more than one lozenge (2 mg) or piece of gum (2 mg) to replace each cigarette she usually smoked per day, not to exceed 15 lozenges or pieces of gum per day.; Other Names: Nicoderm CQ (patch); Nicorertte (gum); Commit (lozenge); Behavioral: Cognitive behaviors therapy; 6 counseling sessions delivered over the phone or in person
Experimental: 2 - Counseling + NRT; Women in this arm received the TCBT described in Arm 1, plus their choice of NRT. To minimize fetal exposure to nicotine for women in the TCBT+NRT arm, the dose of NRT are customized to the woman's current level of smoking. Women who smoke 5-10 cigarettes a day will be given the 14 mg patch or instructed to use one 2 mg lozenge or 2 mg piece of gum to replace each cigarette she usually smokes per day. Those who smoke 11 cigarettes or more per day will be given the 21 mg patch or instructed to use no more than one lozenge (2 mg) or piece of gum (2 mg) to replace each cigarette she usually smokes per day, not to exceed 15 lozenges or pieces of gum per day.	Behavioral: Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation; All participants received a tailored CBT (TCBT) intervention that included: a written self-help guide, info about the importance of reducing nicotine exposure to the fetus, 5 face to face and 1 telephone counseling session. Women in the TCBT + NRT arm were guided through a process of deciding on nicotine gum, lozenge or patch. To minimize fetal exposure, the dose of NRT was customized to the woman's current level of smoking. Women who smoked 5-10 cigarettes a day were given the 14 mg patch or instructed to use one 2 mg lozenge or 2 mg piece of gum to replace each cigarette she usually smoked per day. Those who smoked 11 cigarettes or more per day were given the 21 mg patch or instructed to use no more than one lozenge (2 mg) or piece of gum (2 mg) to replace each cigarette she usually smoked per day, not to exceed 15 lozenges or pieces of gum per day.; Other Names: Nicoderm CQ (patch); Nicorertte (gum); Commit (lozenge); Drug: CBT + NRT; Includes CBT from arm 1 plus choice of NRT (lozenge, gum, or patch) tailored to smoking amount; Other Names: Nicoderm CQ (patch); Nicorette (gum); Commit (lozenge)

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures :

1. Biochemically-validated smoking cessation [ Time Frame: middle and late pregnancy ]

Secondary Outcome Measures :

1. Biochemically-validated smoking cessation [ Time Frame: 3 months postpartum ]

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Sexes Eligible for Study: Female
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• Be at least 18 years of age
• Be between 13 and 25 weeks of pregnancy
• Be receiving prenatal care at one of the participating clinics
• Have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime
• Be currently smoking and have smoked at least 5 cigarettes per day in the past 7 days
• Speak and write English

Exclusion Criteria:

• Evidence of cognitive or mental health problems
• Evidence of possible drug or alcohol addiction
• Documented history in medical chart of mental retardation, significant chronic or recurrent psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia or severe depression, history of cardiac arrhythmias, history of myocardial infarction within the past 6 months, history of previous pregnancy with congenital anomaly,family history of congenital anomalies
• Complications of pregnancy during the current pregnancy, including: threatened miscarriage, congenital anomalies, unexplained vaginal bleeding, pelvic or abdominal surgical procedures, deep venous thrombosis, malignancy

Contacts and Locations

Locations

United States, North Carolina

Duke University Medical Center

Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27710

Womack Army Medical Center

Fayetteville, North Carolina, United States, 28310

Sponsors and Collaborators

Duke University

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Evan Myers, MD, MPH; Duke University

More Information

Publications of Results:

Pollak KI, Oncken CA, Lipkus IM, Lyna P, Swamy GK, Pletsch PK, Peterson BL, Heine RP, Brouwer RJ, Fish L, Myers ER. Nicotine replacement and behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in pregnancy. Am J Prev Med. 2007 Oct;33(4):297-305.

Other Publications:

Pletsch PK, Pollak KI, Peterson BL, Park J, Oncken CA, Swamy GK, Lyna P. Olfactory and gustatory sensory changes to tobacco smoke in pregnant smokers. Res Nurs Health. 2008 Feb;31(1):31-41.

Pollak KI, Oncken CA, Lipkus IM, Peterson BL, Swamy GK, Pletsch PK, Lyna P, Namenek Brouwer RJ, Fish LJ, Myers ER. Challenges and solutions for recruiting pregnant smokers into a nicotine replacement therapy trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2006 Aug;8(4):547-54.

Bursey-Reddick, K, Swamy, GK, Brouwer, RN, Pollak, KI, Myers, ER. (2006). Comparison of Self-Reported Smoking Status and Anonymous Urinary Cotinine Testing in Pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 193 Supplement 6:S107.

Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):

Swamy GK, Roelands JJ, Peterson BL, Fish LJ, Oncken CA, Pletsch PK, Myers ER, Whitecar PW, Pollak KI. Predictors of adverse events among pregnant smokers exposed in a nicotine replacement therapy trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Oct;201(4):354.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.06.006. Epub 2009 Aug 7.

• Responsible Party: Kathryn Pollak, PhD, Duke University Department of Community and Family Medicine
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00224419
• Other Study ID Numbers: Pro00007724; Duke University IRB #2865; CA89053 ( Other Identifier: DUMC )
• First Posted: September 23, 2005
• Last Update Posted: July 21, 2014
• Last Verified: April 2009

Keywords provided by Duke University:

Smoking cessation; Pregnancy; Nicotine replacement therapy; Motivational interviewing

Additional relevant MeSH terms:

Nicotine; Ganglionic Stimulants; Autonomic Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Nicotinic Agonists; Cholinergic Agonists; Cholinergic Agents; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action