Anti-HIV Drug Regimens and Treatment-Switching Guidelines in HIV Infected Children
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| ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00039741 |
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Recruitment Status :
Completed
First Posted : June 11, 2002
Results First Posted : April 24, 2012
Last Update Posted : November 5, 2021
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Little is known about what treatment combinations are best for HIV infected children. This study examined the long-term effectiveness of different anti-HIV drug combinations in children and strategies for switching treatment if the first treatment does not work. The study enrolled children who had not previously taken anti-HIV medication. Participants in this study were recruited in the United States, South America and Europe.
Some European children may also enroll in a substudy that will observe changes in body fat in children taking anti-HIV medications.
| Condition or disease | Intervention/treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
| HIV Infections | Drug: NRTIs (ABC, FTC, FTC/TDF, 3TC, 3TC/AZT, d4T, TDF, ddC, AZT) Drug: NNRTIs (EFV, NVP) Drug: PIs (AMP, IDV, LPV/r, NFV, SQV, RTV) | Phase 2 Phase 3 |
Antiretroviral therapy in children aims to prolong clinical and immunologic health. Currently, there are no data defining a particular highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) strategy as the optimal first-line therapy for children. This study evaluated the long-term efficacy of two HAART regimens used as initial therapy: 1) two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus a protease inhibitor (PI), and 2) two NRTIs plus a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). It also evaluated different strategies for switching therapy when the initial regimen fails. The long-term nature of this study should clarify whether early switching of therapy improves immunologic and virologic outcomes, or results in a more rapid exhaustion of treatment options. The study was conducted in the United States and in Europe.
Participants in this study had a CD4 cell count and viral load test during a screening visit. Participants had an entry visit that included blood and urine tests. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of four groups: Groups PI/1K and PI/30K received two NRTIs plus a PI; Groups NNRTI/1K and NNRTI/30K received two NRTIs plus an NNRTI. The medications allowed in the study were: abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine, lamivudine/zidovudine, stavudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, zalcitabine, and zidovudine (NRTIs); efavirenz and nevirapine (NNRTIs); efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumurate (NNRTI/NRTI); and amprenavir,atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir calcium, indinavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, and tipranavir (PIs). Note: Per the 06/28/05 amendment of this trial, emtricitabine, emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir dioproxil fumarate were added to the list of medications that could be included in a participant's treatment regimen.
For participants whose initial regimen failed, or who experienced clinical disease progression (indicated by the development of a new CDC Category C diagnosis) or other clinical disease progression at or after Week 24 of first-line therapy, second-line therapy was strongly encouraged. (However, if poor adherence was suspected as a possible reason for an increase in HIV viral load, the site and the clinician were to try to improve patient adherence and obtain additional confirmatory viral load values within a five-week time frame.) In second-line therapy, participants who initially took NRTIs with a PI switched to NRTIs and an NNRTI. Participants who initially took NRTIs and an NNRTI switched to NRTIs and a PI. The timing of the switch was based on the participant's group: Groups PI/1K and NNRTI/1K switched to second-line treatment when viral load was 1,000 copies/ml or greater; Groups PI/30K and NNRTI/30K switched to second-line treatment when viral load was 30,000 copies/ml or greater. Participants who failed second-line therapy discontinued study treatment and were offered the best available therapy at the discretion of the clinician.
Participants had study visits at Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and every 12 weeks thereafter until the drug regimen was switched to second-line treatment. Participants then had a re-entry visit and the schedule of visits restarted. Participants were in the study between 4 and 7 years, depending on when they enrolled. All study visits included medical history, a physical exam, and blood collection. Urine collection occurred at most visits. Participants were asked to complete adherence questionnaires and PACTG participants underwent neuropsychological assessments at selected visits.
All participants in this study were encouraged to coenroll in PACTG 219C, Long-Term Effects of HIV Exposure and Infection in Children. Participants in the European portion of the study may be asked to enroll in a substudy to observe the development and progression of lipodystrophy syndrome in children.
| Study Type : | Interventional (Clinical Trial) |
| Actual Enrollment : | 266 participants |
| Allocation: | Randomized |
| Intervention Model: | Factorial Assignment |
| Masking: | None (Open Label) |
| Primary Purpose: | Treatment |
| Official Title: | A Phase II/III Randomized, Open-Label Study of Combination Antiretroviral Regimens and Treatment-Switching Strategies in HIV-1-Infected Antiretroviral Naive Children Between 30 Days and 18 Years of Age |
| Study Start Date : | August 2002 |
| Actual Primary Completion Date : | August 2009 |
| Actual Study Completion Date : | March 2010 |
| Arm | Intervention/treatment |
|---|---|
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Experimental: PI/1K
Two NRTIs plus a PI with a regimen change recommended at when viral load reaches 1000 copies/ml or higher
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Drug: NRTIs (ABC, FTC, FTC/TDF, 3TC, 3TC/AZT, d4T, TDF, ddC, AZT)
Accepted NRTIs: abacavir sulfate (ABC), emtricitabine (FTC), emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF), lamivudine (3TC), lamivudine/zidovudine (3TC/AZT), stavudine (d4T), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), zalcitabine (ddC), zidovudine (AZT) Prescribed per participant's doctor
Other Names:
Drug: PIs (AMP, IDV, LPV/r, NFV, SQV, RTV) Accepted PIs: amprenavir (APV). indinavir sulfate (IDV), lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), nelfinavir mesylate (NFV), saquinavir (SQV), ritonavir (RTV) Prescribed per participant's doctor Other Names:
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Experimental: NNRTI/1K
2 NRTIs plus an NNRTI with a regimen change recommended when viral load reaches 1,000 copies/ml or higher
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Drug: NRTIs (ABC, FTC, FTC/TDF, 3TC, 3TC/AZT, d4T, TDF, ddC, AZT)
Accepted NRTIs: abacavir sulfate (ABC), emtricitabine (FTC), emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF), lamivudine (3TC), lamivudine/zidovudine (3TC/AZT), stavudine (d4T), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), zalcitabine (ddC), zidovudine (AZT) Prescribed per participant's doctor
Other Names:
Drug: NNRTIs (EFV, NVP) Accepted NNRTIs: efavirenz (EFV), nevirapine (NVP) Prescribed per participant's doctor Other Names:
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Experimental: PI/30K
2 NRTIs plus 1 PI with a regimen change recommended when viral load reaches 30,000 copies/ml or higher
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Drug: NRTIs (ABC, FTC, FTC/TDF, 3TC, 3TC/AZT, d4T, TDF, ddC, AZT)
Accepted NRTIs: abacavir sulfate (ABC), emtricitabine (FTC), emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF), lamivudine (3TC), lamivudine/zidovudine (3TC/AZT), stavudine (d4T), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), zalcitabine (ddC), zidovudine (AZT) Prescribed per participant's doctor
Other Names:
Drug: PIs (AMP, IDV, LPV/r, NFV, SQV, RTV) Accepted PIs: amprenavir (APV). indinavir sulfate (IDV), lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), nelfinavir mesylate (NFV), saquinavir (SQV), ritonavir (RTV) Prescribed per participant's doctor Other Names:
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Experimental: NNRTI/30K
2 NRTIs plus an NNRTI with a regimen change recommended when viral load reaches 30,000 copies/ml or higher
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Drug: NRTIs (ABC, FTC, FTC/TDF, 3TC, 3TC/AZT, d4T, TDF, ddC, AZT)
Accepted NRTIs: abacavir sulfate (ABC), emtricitabine (FTC), emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF), lamivudine (3TC), lamivudine/zidovudine (3TC/AZT), stavudine (d4T), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), zalcitabine (ddC), zidovudine (AZT) Prescribed per participant's doctor
Other Names:
Drug: NNRTIs (EFV, NVP) Accepted NNRTIs: efavirenz (EFV), nevirapine (NVP) Prescribed per participant's doctor Other Names:
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- Change in Viral Load Measured in log10 HIV-1 RNA Copies/ml [ Time Frame: Baseline visit and 4 years after Study Entry ]
- Rate of Grade 3 or Higher Signs, Symptoms, or Laboratory Abnormalities Experienced [ Time Frame: Up to 6 yrs. (average 4.85 yrs.) ]
Adverse events were graded according to the following guidelines:
PACTG: "The Manual for Expedited Reporting of Adverse Events to DAIDS" (DAIDS EAE Manual) dated May 6, 2004.
PENTA: International Conference for Harmonization (ICH) requirements and the EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC (20).
A rating of Grade 3 is severe and Grade 4 is life-threatening. The rate of serious (Grade 3 or above)events is reported as the number of events per 100 child/years.
- Participants With Significant HIV-related Clinical Events, Defined as CDC Category C (AIDS Defining) Diagnoses (Except for Recurrent Bacterial Infections)or Death [ Time Frame: Up to 6 yrs. (average 4.85 yrs.) ]
- Time to Switching to an Alternative Class ART Regimen (Based on Initial Randomized Regimen) [ Time Frame: Up to 6 yrs. (average 4.85 yrs.) ]25th Percentiles in weeks from randomization to starting an alternative class ART regimen (based on initial randomized regimen)
- Time to HIV-1 RNA of 400 Copies/ml or Greater During First-line Therapy or Permanent Discontinuation of First-line Therapy [ Time Frame: Up to 6 yrs. (average 4.85 yrs.) ]25th Percentiles in weeks from randomization HIV-1 RNA of 400 copies/ml or greater during first-line therapy or permanent discontinuation of first-line therapy.
- Time to HIV-1 RNA of 30,000 Copies/ml or Greater During Second-line Therapy or Permanent Discontinuation of Second-line Therapy [ Time Frame: Up to 6 yrs. (average 4.85 yrs.) ]25th Percentiles in weeks from randomization to HIV-1 RNA of 30,000 copies/ml or greater during second-line therapy or permanent discontinuation of second-line therapy
- Number of Children With an HIV-1 RNA Level Less Than 400 Copies/ml Regardless of Therapy at Week 204 [ Time Frame: Week 204 ]
- Change in CD4% From Randomization to 4 Years [ Time Frame: Randomization to 4 years ]
- Number of Children With HIV-1 RNA Less Than 400 Copies/ml and on Original Randomized Therapy at 24 Weeks [ Time Frame: 24 weeks ]
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| Ages Eligible for Study: | 30 Days to 18 Years (Child, Adult) |
| Sexes Eligible for Study: | All |
| Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- Older than 30 days and younger than 18 years of age (may enroll up to the day before their 18th birthday)
- HIV infected
- Not previously on HAART or received anti-HIV drugs for less than 56 consecutive days after birth to prevent mother-to-infant HIV transmission. Participants who have previously received nevirapine for the prevention of mother-to-infant HIV transmission are not eligible for this study.
- Willing to use acceptable methods of contraception
Exclusion Criteria:
- Grade 3 or 4 clinical or laboratory toxicity. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
- Active opportunistic infection or a serious bacterial infection at the time of study entry
- Pancreas, nervous system, blood, liver, or kidney problems that make it impossible to take study medications
- Taking any medication that cannot be combined with the study medications in first-line therapy
- Received therapy for cancer
- Pregnant or breastfeeding
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00039741
Show 31 study locations
| Study Chair: | Ross E. McKinney, Jr., MD | Duke University | |
| Study Chair: | Ann J. Melvin, MD | Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, WA |
Publications of Results:
Other Publications:
| Responsible Party: | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) |
| ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00039741 |
| Other Study ID Numbers: |
P390 PENPACT-1B 10106 ( Registry Identifier: DAIDS ES ) PENTA 9/PACTG 390 |
| First Posted: | June 11, 2002 Key Record Dates |
| Results First Posted: | April 24, 2012 |
| Last Update Posted: | November 5, 2021 |
| Last Verified: | January 2019 |
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Drug Therapy, Combination HIV Protease Inhibitors Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Viral Load Treatment Naive |
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HIV Infections Blood-Borne Infections Communicable Diseases Infections Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases Lentivirus Infections |
Retroviridae Infections RNA Virus Infections Virus Diseases Genital Diseases Urogenital Diseases Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Immune System Diseases |