• Trial 1 (IPTp MQ vs IPTp SP): Low birth weight. [ Time Frame: day 0, birth ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Trial 2 (CTX+IPTp MQ vs. CTX+IPTp placebo): Peripheral parasitaemia. [ Time Frame: day 0, delivery ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Trial 1: Prevalence of placental P. falciparum infection. Prevalence of moderate maternal anaemia at delivery. [ Time Frame: day 0, delivery ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Trial 2: Prevalence of placental P. falciparum infection. Prevalence of low birth weight babies (< 2500 g). [ Time Frame: day 0, birth ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

The current recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to prevent malaria infection in pregnancy in areas of stable malaria transmission relies on:

• Prompt and effective case management of malaria illness
• The use of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) with at least 2 treatment doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and
• The use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs)

However, the spread of parasite resistance to SP, particularly in eastern Africa, and the significant overlap in some regions of malaria transmission and high prevalence of HIV infection, have raised concerns about the medium and long-term use of SP for IPTp.

HIV infection increases susceptibility to malaria and may reduce the efficacy of interventions. The evaluation of alternative antimalarials for IPTp is thus urgently needed also involving HIV infected women.

Of all the current available alternative antimalarial drugs, mefloquine (MQ) is the one that offers the most comparative advantages to SP.

A randomized multicenter trial will be conducted in 4 sites in Africa (Benin, Gabon, Tanzania and Mozambique) in order to compare the safety and efficacy of SP versus MQ as IPTp in the context of ITNs. In addition, MQ tolerability will be also evaluated by comparing the administration of MQ as a single intake with its administration as split dose in two days. In total 4716 pregnant women will be enrolled at the antenatal clinic (ANC) and will be followed until the infant is one year old.

Besides, in those countries where HIV prevalence in pregnant women is > 10%, MQ-IPTp will be compared to Placebo-IPTp in HIV infected pregnant women receiving cotrimoxazole (CTX) prophylaxis. This trial will be double blinded and will be carried out in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. It will involve 1070 pregnant women that will be followed until the infant is 2 months old.