Inclusion Criteria:

• Obese (BMI 30 # to < 40 kg/m2) patients who have had type 2 diabetes mellitus for more than 5 years, complicated by at least one of the following situations that persist despite adequate management efforts. The complicating situations are:

  • Severely reduced quality of life as assessed by the Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL) questionnaire
  • Metabolic lability/instability, characterized by two or more episodes of severe hypoglycemia (≤ 3mmol/L) or severe hyperglycemia (≥ 25 mmol/L), or two or more hospital visits for diabetic complications over the last year

• Despite efforts at optimal glucose control, progressive secondary complications of diabetes as defined by:

  • Retinopathy — a minimum of a three step progression using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grading system, or an equivalent progression as certified by an ophthalmologist familiar with diabetic retinopathy or
  • Nephropathy — persistent or progressive macroalbuminuria (>20 mg albumin/mmol creatinine) over at least 12 months (beginning anytime within the past two years) despite the use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) or
  • Neuropathy — persistent or progressing autonomic neuropathy (gastroparesis, postural hypotension, neuropathic bowel or bladder) or persistent or progressing severe peripheral painful neuropathy not responding to usual management (e.g., tricyclics, gabapentin, or carbamazepine)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Less than 18 years of age or greater than 65 years of age
• Unable to complete self and interviewer administered questionnaires in English
• Incapable of providing informed consent

• Any of the following medical conditions that may be associated with DM:

  • Recent positive history of myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (less than 6 months)
  • Unstable angina pectoris
  • Recent clinically important ST-T changes on electrocardiogram (ECG) over the past year
  • Cardiac heart failure (New York Heart Association class III and IV; ejection fraction < 50%)
  • Frequent and persistent and unstable supra and ventricular arrhythmias,
  • Brain stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA),
  • Major diabetic foot infections
  • Autonomic neuropathy resulting in orthostatic dysregulation
• History of any psychiatric illness that would make the patient a poor candidate for bariatric surgery, as determined by the study psychiatrist
• If female, pregnant or planning to become pregnant within next year
• Clinically important cancer history (impact on either lifespan or performance of lap. bariatric surgery)
• Clinically important abdominal or thoracic surgery that would impact the performance of laparoscopic bariatric procedure
• Insulin dependence for more than 10 years
• American Society of Anesthesiologists' classification of 4 or higher
• Severe gastrointestinal reflux disease with Grade 3 or 4 esophagitis
• History of pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis
• Presently taking either high-dose steroids or anticoagulants
• Advanced nephropathy (Stage 4 or 5 – eGFR less than 30 ml/min)
• Any other condition that, in the opinion of the study surgeons, would make the patient a poor candidate for bariatric surgery