Dexmedetomidine vs. Remifentanil for Sedation During AFI

• Patient's reaction to procedure, as it occurs, ie. grimace, gag, verbalized pain. [ Time Frame: duration of intubation ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Memory recall [ Time Frame: post operative, immediately every 30 min for 3 hours and 24 hours ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• NIBP [ Time Frame: duration of intubation and first 15 minutes of surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• HR [ Time Frame: duration of intubation and first 15 minutes of surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Cardiac rhythm [ Time Frame: duration of surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Oxygen saturation [ Time Frame: duration of intubation and first 15 minutes of surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• End-tidal carbon dioxide [ Time Frame: duration of intubation and first 15 minutes of surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Continuous ECG [ Time Frame: duration of intubation and first 15 minutes of surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Pulse oximetry [ Time Frame: duration of intubation and first 15 minutes of surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Bispectral index [ Time Frame: duration of intubation ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Respiratory rate [ Time Frame: duration of intubation and first 15 minutes of surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

Awake nasal or oral fiberoptic intubation remains the method of choice for airway management in the expected difficult airway. This technique requires that a patient be comfortable, relaxed, cooperative and able to maintain their airway with spontaneous ventilation.

In order to achieve these conditions, the pharmacologic agent chosen for sedation should be short acting and highly titratable, provide the required amount of sedation and have little suppression of spontaneous ventilation. There have been numerous reports of the use of Remifentanil and Propofol used either alone or in combination to achieve this level of sedation.

Remifentanil has the following advantages which makes it a useful drug for this purpose:

1. Ultra short acting with a constant half life
2. Anti-tussive effects which help prevent coughing with tracheal manipulation
3. Reversible with an antagonist naloxone
4. Attenuates cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy

Shortcomings of Remifentanil include undesirable side effects, such as hemodynamic instability and respiratory depression.

Dexmedetomidine is a centrally acting, selective alpha-2 agonist which has gained increasing popularity since 1999 as a drug for sedation in ICU settings. It has also been used for intraoperative sedation during surgery under regional anesthesia and for awake craniotomies, as well as for sedation of pediatric patients in different settings. Finally, there are also case reports of Dexmedetomidine being used for awake fiberoptic tracheal intubation.

Theoretically, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of Dexmedetomidine make it an ideal drug as a single agent for sedation for awake fiberoptic intubation. Venn et al showed that in both healthy individuals and ICU patients, Dexmedetomidine shows a rapid onset and equally rapid distribution half life with quick recovery. This study also demonstrated stable hemodynamics during airway manipulation (extubation) with no adverse cardiovascular or respiratory events during the study.

Other studies have demonstrated that Dexmedetomidine attenuates cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation and reduces the need for perioperative opioids. In small doses, it has been demonstrated to have good sedative, amnestic and analgesic effects, as well as anti-sialogogue effects.

Dexmedetomidine does, however, have some drawbacks. In higher bolus doses it can cause hemodynamic changes, such as excessive bradycardia and hypertension followed by hypotension. This drug has also been associated with decreased regional and global cerebral blood flow despite maintenance of MAP within the auto-regulating parameters. These deleterious effects are more prominent in patients with hypovolemia, systemic vasoconstriction, AV block and with rapid bolus infusion.