• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Any normal volunteer above the age of 18 who is capable of giving informed consent.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

A subject will be excluded if he/she has a contraindication to MR scanning implanted metal clips or wires of the type which may concentrate radiofrequency fields or cause tissue damage from twisting in a magnetic field. Examples include: aneurysm clip, implanted neural stimulator, implanted cardiac pacemaker or autodefibrillator, cochlear implant, ocular foreign body (e.g., metal shavings), any implanted device (pumps, infusion devices, etc), shrapnel injuries.

For studies involving the use or Optison (microbubble contrast agent), subjects will be excluded if they have severe liver or lung disease, congenital heart defects, history of pulmonary emboli, or known or suspected hyper-sensitivity (allergic reaction) to blood, blood products or albumin.

For studies involving the injection of Gadolinium based contrast a serum Creatinine obtained within one week of the MRI examination. All subjects with a calculated eGFR less than 60 will be excluded from having a contrast enhanced MRI, but will not be excluded from the protocol for non contrasted MRI studies.

Subjects will be excluded if it is deemed that they have a condition which would preclude their use for technical development (e.g., paralyzed hemidiaphragm, morbid obesity, claustrophobia, etc.) or present unnecessary risks (e.g. pregnancy, surgery of uncertain type, symptoms of pheochromocytoma or insulinoma, etc.) Lactating women and subjects with hemoglobinopathies, asthma, or renal or hepatic disease will be excluded from studies involving the administration of contrast agents.