• Insulin resistance and orthostatic response [ Time Frame: 48 hours bed rest and 48 hours activity ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Change in glucose, insulin, and orthostatic impairment. [ Time Frame: 48 hours of bed rest and 48 hours of Activity ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

The goal for all diabetic patients is to maintain their metabolic control as close to normal as possible to prevent the short and long term complications of diabetes. Surgery of any type presents a unique challenge to the diabetic patient because two factors tend to worsen their metabolic control 1) the stress of the actual surgery and 2) the bed rest that follows the surgery. Data has clearly shown that surgery increase counter regulatory hormones (epinephrine, glucagon, growth hormone and cortisol). What has not been studied is the effect of bed rest per se on metabolic control. This is surprising because there are many studies in normal healthy people demonstrating that simple bed rest increases insulin resistance and worsens metabolic control.

The proposed study will define the metabolic effects of simple, three-day bed rest on metabolic control in healthy type 2 diabetic volunteers while evaluating the orthostatic response after bed rest. All studies will be done in the inpatient, General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). All volunteers will stop their oral antidiabetic medication before they enter the GCRC. They will be placed on intravenous insulin to prevent severe metabolic deterioration and hyperglycemia. The amount of insulin we have to give them to maintain metabolic control will be one measure of the effects of bed rest on metabolic control.

Experimental Design and Methods.

A crossover study in twenty healthy normal and twenty healthy type 2 diabetic subjects will be utilized. Each subject will be admitted the the GCRC the night prior to beginning the study in order to insure metabolic stability at the start of the protocol. Each subject will stay in the GCRC three full days (three nights) from the time of admission. Each subject will be admitted on two separate occasions, separated by at least a two week interval. A diagram of the protocol is given below:

The primary difference between the two admissions will be the amount of physical activity allowed each subject. On the normal physical activity GCRC admission, the subject will be encouraged to stay our of bed until his/her usual bedtime. All procedures and meals will take place in the GCRC but in between times the subject will be encouraged to walk around the hospital and to carry out normal activities of daily living. On the bed rest GCRC admission, the subjects will be encouraged to stay in bed as much as possible and to use a bedside commode. A tilt test was performed on the morning of the first day of each hospitalization and again 48 hours later. The same testing will be done as in the normal activity admission.

All medications that the volunteer usually takes at home will be continued in the hospital.

The volunteer will be in the GCRC for three days: Day 1, Day 2, and Day 3. The following tests will be done on the three days:

Day 1 - Blood will drawn for fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide as well as surrogate markers of atherosclerosis including PAI-1, IL-6, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and CRP. In addition, a tilt table test will be done to assess autonomic response to activity or bedrest.

Day 2 - Blood will drawn for fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide as well as surrogate markers of atherosclerosis including PAI-1, IL-6, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and CRP.

Day 3 - Blood will drawn for fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide as well as surrogate markers of atherosclerosis including PAI-1, IL-6, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and CRP. In addition, a tilt table test will be done to assess autonomic response to activity or bed rest.