DRV/r + RPV QD: Efficacy and Toxicity Reduction

Clinical approach to HIV infection treatment is based on the use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) and recent national and international guidelines for guiding HIV therapy recommend the use of triple-combination therapy using antiretrovirals with 2 nucleos(t)ide inhibitors [N(n)RTI] as backbone plus a third drug to be chosen among a boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r), a nonnucleoside inhibitor (NNRTI) or an integrase inhibitor (II).

In spite of evident efficacy of HAART, as demonstrated by survival increasing, long term side effects, as for example the impact on renal function, remain principal problem.

In patient with risk factor for renal disease, a reduction of eGRF (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) between 90 and 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 could be already considered as a risk condition [1,2].

Efficacy of HAART, with increase of media survival and the parallel decrease of mortality, has underlined the necessity to reflect on long term HAART effects [3].

There are many evidences of HAART-related toxicity that, in spite of the necessity of a life-saving therapy, focus on the additional costs of this situation, in terms of health as well as in terms of economic costs.

Particular attention has been focused on the impact of some drugs on renal function, as tenofovir, especially on tubule, without forgetting the modification of lipid and bone metabolisms.

According to further studies which have evidenced the potential of some recently introduced molecules [4,5], the investigators had the need to realize a study to deepen the feasibility of a dual-therapy that permit to exclude NRTIs from the backbone, with the aim to prevent NRTIs-related long-term toxicity.

The investigators have designed a prospective randomized controlled trial, open-label, with a duration of 96 weeks, to compare the efficacy of a dual-therapy based on rilpivirine 25mg plus darunavir 800mg/ritonavir 100mg QD, in HIV-positive subjects with suppressed viremia from at least 3 months. In fact, there are a few data about association of these drugs, which it has been shown to be safe, well tolerated, and with a strong pharmacological synergy, without nucleos(t)idic backbone, while the necessity to minimize the costs toxicity-related is becoming increasingly compelling.

According to clinical experience and literature data, the investigators hope this study shows positive results in term of immune-virological efficacy, as well as in term of decrease of VACS index - a complex parameter which has the purpose to quantify general organic decay - and markers of lipid and bone metabolism, in group which receives dual-therapy versus the group with standard therapy.

These results could stimulate further studies on less aggressive and however effective therapeutic regimens, with more sustainable biological and economic costs.

Pilot, phase III prospective, randomized, open-label, multicentric controlled study, which will offer a novel dual-therapy regimen including RPV 25mg + DRV 800mg/rtv 100mg QD to HIV+ subjects with suppressed viremia.

132 HIV+ subjects will be randomized, 1:1, to switch to RPV+DRV/r versus continue triple-drug therapy. Subjects will be switched from any PI/r-containing regimen.

The duration of the study is 96 weeks and patients will be stratified according to their HCV serostatus (Ab positive or negative), age (> or < 50 years), and immunological status (CD4<200/µL; CD4=200-500/µL; CD4>500/µL). It is planned to enroll at least 30% of female subjects.

Follow-up visits will be performed at 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 weeks (laboratory and physical examination).

Effectiveness will be measured by determination of HIV-RNA, safety will be evaluated by determination of AST, ALT, creatinine, plasmatic and urinary phosphate, albuminuria, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides at the follow-up visits.

• Drug: RPV + DRV/r
  Other Names:

  • RVP: rilpivirine; brand name: EdurantTM.
  • DRV: darunavir; brand name: PrezistaTM.
• Drug: subjects will continue the PI/r-containing regimen that is on-going at the time of enrollment.
  Other Name: the drugs will depend on the successful regimen that is already administerd to the enrolled subject.

• Experimental: RPV + DRV/r
  switch to RPV + DRV/r
  Intervention: Drug: RPV + DRV/r
• Active Comparator: PI/ritonavir-containing antiretroviral triple drug therapy
  the control arm will continue the protease inhibitor (PI)/r-containing triple drug therapy that is currently on-going.
  Intervention: Drug: subjects will continue the PI/r-containing regimen that is on-going at the time of enrollment.

• Maggi P, Bartolozzi D, Bonfanti P, Calza L, Cherubini C, Di Biagio A, Marcotullio S, Montella F, Montinaro V, Mussini C, Narciso P, Rusconi S, Vescini F. Renal complications in HIV disease: between present and future. AIDS Rev. 2012 Jan-Mar;14(1):37-53. Review.
• Earley A, Miskulin D, Lamb EJ, Levey AS, Uhlig K. Estimating equations for glomerular filtration rate in the era of creatinine standardization: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Jun 5;156(11):785-95, W-270, W-271, W-272, W-273, W-274, W-275, W-276, W-277, W-278. doi: 10.1059/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00391. Epub 2012 Feb 6. Review.
• Broder S. The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic. Antiviral Res. 2010 Jan;85(1):1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.002. Epub 2009 Dec 16. Review.
• Burgos J, Crespo M, Falcó V, Curran A, Imaz A, Domingo P, Podzamczer D, Mateo MG, Van den Eynde E, Villar S, Ribera E. Dual therapy based on a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor as a novel salvage strategy for HIV-1-infected patients on a failing antiretroviral regimen. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Jun;67(6):1453-8. doi: 10.1093/jac/dks057. Epub 2012 Feb 29.
• Clumeck N, Cahn P, Molina JM, Mills A, Nijs S, Vingerhoets J, Witek J. Virological response with fully active etravirine: pooled results from the DUET-1 and DUET-2 trials. Int J STD AIDS. 2010 Nov;21(11):738-40. doi: 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010139.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult HIV+ subjects (>18 years old), giving and signing an informed consent;
• Any HAART treatment for at least 12 months;
• Current treatment with a PI/r-containing regimen initiated at least 6 months earlier;
• HIV-RNA <50 cp/mL for at least 3 months, without viral blip due to virologic failure at any time;
• Any nadir CD4 lymphocytes;
• Current CD4 count > 100 cell/uL;
• eGFRs >60 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previous drug resistance genotypic test showing the presence of any RPV (RT: K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Y181C/I/V, Y188L, H221Y, F227C, M230I/L) or DRV (protease: V11I, V32I, L33F, I47V, I50V, I54M/L, T74P, L76V, I84V, L89V) resistance associated mutation (RAM), according to the November 2011 IAS-USA list;
• Child-Pugh C or grade 3-4 AST or ALT values;
• Acute cardiovascular event within 6 months;
• AIDS event within 6 months;
• Current IVDU;
• HBsAg +;
• Pregnancy or lactation.

• Elisa Colella, M.D.
• Valentina Di Cristo, M.D.
• Massimo Galli, M.D.