Acupuncture Treatment for Gastroparesis: a Pilot Study

• Gastric emptying time [ Time Frame: 5 weeks ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  To determine whether acupuncture treatment designed to treat gastroparesis significantly improves gastric emptying measured by the Smart Pill
• Small bowel and colonic transit time [ Time Frame: 5 weeks ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  To determine whether acupuncture treatment designed to treat gastroparesis significantly alters small bowel and colonic motility using Smart Pill

Gastroparesis is a disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying leading to symptoms of nausea, vomiting, bloating, and abdominal pain. A common cause is diabetes but even more often it occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. The symptoms of gastroparesis can significantly alter a patient's quality of life. Current therapies are limited. In this study, the investigators seek to determine if twice weekly acupuncture treatments can improve symptoms of gastroparesis.

Gastroparesis is a disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying leading to symptoms of nausea, vomiting, bloating, and abdominal pain. A common cause is diabetes but often it occurs in otherwise healthy individuals in whom the disorder is said to be idiopathic. The symptoms of gastroparesis can significantly alter a patient's quality of life and may result in absenteeism or frequent ER visits and hospitalizations for dehydration caused by intractable nausea and vomiting.

Current treatment for gastroparesis includes dietary and lifestyle modifications, tight glycemic control in diabetics, and supportive care for symptoms, like anti-emetics for nausea. Prokinetic therapies to enhance gastric emptying such as metoclopramide, domperidone, and erythromycin have varying degrees of effect. Unfortunately they are often limited by side effects. Metoclopramide, the only pharmacologic agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of gastroparesis, in particular crosses the blood brain barrier and may cause CNS side effects, reported to be 10-25% of the time. The most rare but most worrisome adverse reaction is tardive dyskinesia associated with prolonged use of metoclopramide, prompting the FDA to label it with a blackbox warning. Use of erythromycin is limited to acute flares, as prolonged use causes tachyphylaxis. Finally, domperidone may have equal efficacy as metoclopramide and is available in 58 countries. However, it is not FDA approved in the US but can be obtained with an Investigational New Drug Application. Given these constraints, novel therapies to improve symptoms are needed.

Preliminary studies from Asia and the US have shown a potential role for acupuncture in improving gastroparetic symptoms and gastric motility in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. It is our plan to expand on the available research by using validated instruments to measure changes in severity of symptoms and quality of life, incorporating randomization and blinding, and correcting for possible placebo effect.

Our hypothesis is that twice weekly acupuncture treatments can improve symptoms of gastroparesis with an effect that lasts beyond the last treatment date without inducing side-effects. We also hypothesize that gastric emptying may improve compared to baseline values. This is a pilot study of 20 gastroparetic patients who will be randomized to standard medical therapy + acupuncture designed to treat gastroparesis vs. standard medical therapy + acupuncture designed to treat unrelated musculoskeletal and arthralgia complaints.

• Gastroparesis
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal Pain

• Procedure: Acupuncture for gastroparesis
  A series of acupuncture points selected for the treatment of gastroparesis will be used at each of the 10 acupuncture sessions
• Procedure: Acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain
  Acupuncture points selected for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain will be used during each of the 10 acupuncture sessions

• Active Comparator: Acupuncture protocol for gastroparesis
  Patients randomized to this arm will receive an acupuncture protocol that with points designed to treat gastroparesis
  Intervention: Procedure: Acupuncture for gastroparesis
• Placebo Comparator: Acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain
  Patients randomized to this arm will receive acupuncture therapy consisting of points designed to treat musculoskeletal pain.
  Intervention: Procedure: Acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants will be at least 18 years old and able to provide informed consent.
• Participants will have symptoms of idiopathic gastroparesis for at least 6 months duration prior to enrollment with documented abnormal solid phase gastric emptying scintigraphy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Gastroparesis due to: diabetes, medication (e.g. post-chemotherapy), iatrogenic post-surgical gastroparesis, and severe neurologic conditions such as Parkinson's disease known to be associated with gastroparesis.
• An active eating disorder,
• Participants currently lactating, or preparing to conceive will also be excluded.
• A history of inflammatory bowel disease
• Known bowel obstruction, or strictures