Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Supportive Psychotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

• Insight regarding BDD Symptoms (as measured by the BABS) [ Time Frame: Measured every six weeks during treatment, and at the 3- and 6-month follow-up visits ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Depressive symptoms (as measured by the BDI-II) [ Time Frame: Measured every week during treatment, and at the 3- and 6-month follow-up visits ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Functioning and life satisfaction (as measured by the SDS and Q-LESQ-SF) [ Time Frame: Measured every six weeks during treatment, and at the 3- and 6-month follow-up visits ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Treatment credibility and satisfaction with treatment (as measured by the Credibility/Expectancy Rating and CSQ-8) [ Time Frame: Measured four times during the study (week 0 [pre-treatment], week 4, week 12, and week 24 [post-treatment]) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Beliefs about appearance (as measured by the ASI-R) [ Time Frame: Measured three times during the study (week 0 [pre-treatment], week 12, and week 24 [post-treatment]) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Neuropsychological functioning (as measured by the ROCF) [ Time Frame: Measured three times during the study (week 0 [pre-treatment], week 12, and week 24 [post-treatment]) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Information processing (as measured by the ERT) [ Time Frame: Measured three times during the study (week 0 [pre-treatment], week 12, and week 24 [post-treatment]) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

The purpose of this study is to learn more about two different types of psychotherapy to help individuals who have body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). BDD is a severe, often chronic, and common disorder consisting of distressing or impairing preoccupation with perceived defects in one's physical appearance. Individuals with BDD have very poor psychosocial functioning and high rates of hospitalization and suicidality. Because BDD differs in important ways from other disorders, psychotherapies for other disorders are not adequate for BDD. Despite BDD's severity, there is no adequately tested psychosocial treatment (psychotherapy) of any type for this disorder. This study will compare the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Supportive Psychotherapy as well as predictors of improvement.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a common and severe disorder in which a person is preoccupied by perceived defects in his or her appearance. The purpose of this research study is to learn more about two different forms of therapy to help individuals with BDD: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a promising new treatment for BDD, and supportive psychotherapy (SPT), the most commonly received therapy for BDD. The investigators would like to find out which treatment is more effective for BDD. The investigators will also examine patient characteristics that may predict response to treatment.

Participants will be randomly assigned (like the flip of a coin) to receive 22 sessions (over 24 weeks) of either CBT or SPT. Both treatments teach participants about BDD. CBT focuses on helping participants to develop more adaptive thoughts and beliefs and to gradually reduce avoidance and compulsive (repetitive) behaviors. SPT focuses on relationships, feelings, and other factors that may affect BDD symptoms (e.g., work, stress), and helps participants to cope with challenges in their life by improving self-esteem and positive coping.

For each participant, this study will last for 12 months. CBT and SPT sessions occur for 22 sessions over 24 weeks. The severity of participants' BDD-related symptoms and other symptoms will be assessed at the end of treatment (week 24), and at 3- and 6-months after treatment ends.

• Body Dysmorphic Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorder
• Anxiety Disorders
• Somatoform Disorders

• Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  Participants will receive a total of 22 sessions (over 24 weeks) of individual, manual-based CBT. During the sessions, participants will receive education about BDD and CBT, learn to develop more helpful thoughts and beliefs, gradually enter anxiety provoking situations while reducing compulsions (repetitive behaviors), and learn relapse prevention techniques.
  Other Name: CBT
• Behavioral: Supportive Psychotherapy
  Participants will receive a total of 22 sessions (over 24 weeks) of individual, manual-based SPT. During the sessions, participants will receive education about BDD and SPT, learn about factors that may affect their symptoms (for example, relationships, work, stress), and learn to cope with challenges in their life by improving self-esteem and positive coping skills.
  Other Name: SPT

• Experimental: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  Group receiving Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
  Intervention: Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Active Comparator: Supportive Psychotherapy
  Group receiving Supportive Psychotherapy
  Intervention: Behavioral: Supportive Psychotherapy

Inclusion Criteria:

• Outpatient men and women age 18 and older
• DSM-IV BDD or its delusional variant for at least 6 months
• BDD is the most problematic psychiatric disorder (in the patient's and clinician's opinion) and the primary reason for seeking treatment
• Score of 24 or higher on the BDD-Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current clinically significant suicidality and/or score on the BDI-II suicide item (#9) > 1
• Any clinical features requiring a higher level of care
• Mental retardation or borderline intellectual functioning (estimated IQ < 80 on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) or dementia, brain damage, or other cognitive impairment that would interfere with ability to engage in CBT
• DSM-IV substance abuse or dependence within the past 3 months; or a positive urine drug screen for any illicit substances of abuse
• Current manic episode
• Psychotic disorder
• Borderline personality disorder
• Body image concerns accounted for primarily by weight concerns or an eating disorder
• Previous treatment with > 10 sessions of CBT for BDD
• Subjects cannot be receiving any other psychotherapy or begin such treatment during the study
• Patients can be receiving psychotropic medication if they have taken a stable dose for at least two months before the study baseline assessment and the dose remains stable during the study.
• Presence of any behavior (e.g., violence) that would interfere with full cooperation with the protocol.