Long-term Outcome of General Anesthesia on Dysgnosia (LOGAND)

• Cognitive ability [ Time Frame: One hour before operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Cognitive ability will be assessed with digital lignature game, figure identificaiton, and recall memory
• Cognitive ability [ Time Frame: Immediately after operation (0 day) ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Cognitive ability will be assessed with digital lignature game, figure identificaiton, and recall memory
• Cognitive ability [ Time Frame: One month after operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Cognitive ability will be assessed with digital lignature game, figure identificaiton, and recall memory
• Cognitive ability [ Time Frame: Six month after operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Cognitive ability will be assessed with digital lignature game, figure identificaiton, and recall memory
• Cognitive ability [ Time Frame: One year after operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Cognitive ability will be assessed with digital lignature game, figure identificaiton, and recall memory
• Cognitive ability [ Time Frame: Once a year from the 1st year after operation up to 9th year ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  Cognitive ability will be assessed with digital lignature game, figure identificaiton, and recall memory

Cognitive disorders in patients underwent general anesthesia are discussed for decades, but whether there were precise relationship between general anesthesia and dysgnosia is yet to be guaranteed. Although controversial data reported from experimental studies in animals, the investigators still proposed that general anesthetics could impair the normally organized system of the central nervous system, which finally displayed a dysfunction of cognition after general anesthesia in a short- or long-term period. Therefore, different types of general anesthetics such as inhalational anesthetics and intravenous anesthetics, the investigators hypothesized, had a long-term influence on patients' cognitive ability.

• Delirium,
• Dementia,
• Amnestic,
• Cognitive Disorders

• Drug: Sevoflurane
  1-8% sevoflurane for maintaining the whole period of general anesthesia
  Other Name: Sevorane
• Drug: Propofol
  1-4 mg/kg/h of propofol during the whole period of general anesthesia
  Other Name: Diprivan

• No Intervention: Local anesthesia
  Patients received local anesthesia without any intervention of general anesthetics
• Active Comparator: Inhalational anesthesia
  Patients received sevoflurane anesthesia during general anesthesia
  Intervention: Drug: Sevoflurane
• Active Comparator: Intravenous anesthesia
  Patients received intravenous anesthetic (Propofol) during general anesthesia
  Intervention: Drug: Propofol

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with informed consents
• Without basal disorders of neurology and psychiatrics

Exclusion Criteria:

• With the history of cognitive disorders
• With chronic neurological disorders
• Cannot communicate with investigators
• Cannot stand general anesthesia