Dairy Modulation of Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress in Overweight and Obese Subjects

• Plasma malondialdehyde [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Plasma 8-isoprostane F2-alpha [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• plasma interleukin 6 [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Plasma C-reactive protein [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Plasma MCP-1 [ Time Frame: 28-days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Plasma interleukin 15 [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Plasma adiponectin [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

• Plasma lipids [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Plasma insulin [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• vitamin D [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Body composition [ Time Frame: 28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

The objective of this study is to determine the acute effects of a dairy supplement compared to a soy supplement on oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects in the absence of any changes in adiposity.

Obesity is associated with sub-clinical chronic oxidative and inflammatory stress, both of which are major contributors to obesity-associated co-morbidities. Calcitriol (1, 25-(OH)2-D3) regulates adipocyte lipid metabolism, while dietary calcium inhibits obesity by suppression of calcitriol. We have recently shown calcitriol to increase oxidative stress and to stimulate the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines, while inhibiting the expression and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We have also shown that inhibition of calcitriol with high calcium diets decreases both adipose tissue and systemic oxidative and inflammatory stress in a mouse model of obesity. Moreover, dairy exerted a greater effect on both oxidative and inflammatory stress. These mice also exhibited significant reductions in adiposity, which could lead to confounding, as this reduction will independently reduce oxidative and inflammatory stress. However, the supporting cellular/mechanistic data indicate an effect which is independent of adiposity reduction. Consequently, we propose that low calcium diets exacerbate oxidative and inflammatory stress and that high dairy diets can attenuate both independently of changes in adiposity, thereby significantly reducing the risk of obesity-associated co-morbidities. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to determine the acute effects of a dairy-rich diet on oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects in the absence of any changes in adiposity.

Twenty subjects (10 obese and 10 overweight) will undergo a randomized crossover study of low dairy and high dairy eucaloric diets. Each dietary period will be four weeks, and the two dietary periods will be separated by a four-week washout period. Primary outcomes will be circulating indices of oxidative stress and of inflammation. Secondary outcomes include blood pressure, circulating glucose, insulin, lipids, calcium-regulatory hormones and body composition.

• Obesity
• Overweight

• Dietary Supplement: Milk
  Milk-based smoothie containing 170 kcal, 10 g protein, 1 g fat, 30 g carbohydrate adn 350 mg Ca. Three consumed each day.
• Dietary Supplement: Soy
  Soy-based smoothie containing 170 kcal, 10 g protein, 1 g fat, 30 g carbohydrate and 30 mg Ca. Three consumed each day for 28 days,

• Active Comparator: Soy
  Soy-based supplement to normal diet
  Intervention: Dietary Supplement: Soy
• Experimental: Milk
  Milk-based supplement to normal diet
  Intervention: Dietary Supplement: Milk

Inclusion Criteria:

• Body mass index (BMI) 25-29.9 (n=10); 30-34.9 kg/m2 (n=10)
• Age 18-50 years
• Weight stable: no more than 3 kg weight loss during past three months

Exclusion Criteria:

• BMI < 25 or >35
• Type II diabetes requiring the use of any oral antidiabetic agent and/or insulin (because of confounding effects on ROS)
• Adverse response to study foods (lactose intolerance, dairy intolerance, dairy allergy); this will be determined by self-report.
• history or presence of significant metabolic disease which could impact on the results of the study (i.e. endocrine, hepatic, renal disease)
• history of eating disorder
• presence of active gastrointestinal disorders such as malabsorption syndromes
• pregnancy or lactation
• use of obesity pharmacotherapeutic agents within the last 6 months
• use of over-the-counter anti-obesity agents (e.g. those containing phenylpropanalamine, ephedrine and/or caffeine) within the last 6 months
• Recent (current or past 12 weeks) use of any psychotropic medication
• Recent (past four weeks) initiation of an exercise program
• Recent (past twelve weeks) initiation of hormone replacement therapy or change in HRT regimen
• Recent (past twelve weeks) initiation of hormonal birth control or change in hormonal birth control regimen
• Recent (current or past 12 weeks) history of smoking