• The number of days before the infected central line culture becomes negative [ Time Frame: 5 days of antifungal lock treatment ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• The development of fungal-related complications [ Time Frame: Usually 14-28 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Test of cure catheter cultures on day 5 and day 30 post antifungal lock [ Time Frame: 45-55 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of antifungal lock therapy with liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome), in combination with systemic antifungal(s), in patients with catheter-related blood stream infections with fungal organisms, whose catheter has not been removed because of the continuing critical need for central line access. The primary group of potential patients will be those with intestinal insufficiency, including post-op small bowel transplant recipients.

The recommendation of the Infectious Disease Society of America is to remove all catheters with fungal infections and treat systemically for 14 days after the last positive culture. However, in certain intestinal failure patients, removal of an infected line might significantly reduce or eliminate intravenous (IV) access and create a life threatening situation. Thus, the investigators' aim is to determine the usefulness of antifungal lock therapy in intestinal failure patients whose catheter has not been removed. The investigators' hope is to salvage central line catheters rather than to remove them.

This is a descriptive study in intestinal failure patients with catheter-related blood stream infections (CRBSI) with fungal organisms. At present, the recommendation of IDSA is to remove all catheters with fungal infections and treat systemically for 14 days after the last positive culture (2). However, in intestinal failure patients who have limited IV access, removal of a line infected with Candida albicans, although recommended, might significantly reduce intravenous access and create a life threatening situation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of antifungal lock therapy with liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) in combination with systemic antifungal therapy in patients with fungal CRBSI, whose catheter has not been removed because of the continuing critical need for central line access. The research methods are as follows:

1. Study patients will consist of in-patients hospitalized at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. From our intestinal failure patients followed by GI, Transplant, and Pediatric Surgical Services, we plan to enroll 25 patients. In addition, other patients with similar concerns regarding limited central venous access with catheter-related candidal bloodstream infection may also be considered for this protocol.
2. The primary group of potential patients in the study will be patients with intestinal insufficiency, including post-op small bowel recipients, whose intravenous access is limited. Thus, when a fungal CRBSI is suspected, retention of the CVC will be highly desirable. Additional subjects potentially eligible for this study would include children with cancer, those status-post bone marrow transplant, etc. who have limited central venous access and have a documented catheter-related bloodstream infection secondary to candida.
3. Once the fungal infection is established, the patient will be approached to participate in the study. The investigator(s) will fully explain the study and its benefits and risks to the patient and/or parent or guardian (if legally appointed for research) and consent and assent will be obtained.

4. Upon enrollment, antifungal therapy will be instituted consisting of both systemic and antifungal lock therapy.

   A. Ambisome at a dose of 3-5 mg/kg/day (or other appropriate antifungal based upon standard of care) will be administered intravenously B. Antifungal lock therapy with Ambisome will be administered. It consists of the placing up to 2.3 ml (based upon specific catheter types and volumes) of concentrated Ambisome into the infected CVC and allowing it to dwell uninterruptedly for 8 to 12 hours per day. The concentration of Ambisome is 2 mg/ml in sterile water (4).

5. Patients enrolled in the study will receive routine clinical care as in-patients of CHP and be monitored appropriately from an infectious disease perspective including daily blood cultures. Patients will be examined clinically for evidence of fungal-related complications (e.g., septic arthritis, endocarditis, etc.).
6. The duration of antifungal lock therapy (in addition to IV systemic antifungal therapy) will be 10-14 days.
7. After 5 days of antifungal lock therapy, the patient with a persistently positive fungal blood culture will be deemed a failure and antifungal lock therapy will be discontinued. There will be no further antifungal lock therapy permissible via this protocol and data collection for the patient will be completed as soon as possible. The primary service will be responsible for the removal of the line.

8. With successful lock therapy, additional blood cultures through the catheter will be obtained on day 5 and day 30 (or later if subject is still on systemic antifungal agents) post antifungal lock for a test of cure.

   • If a patient has a recurrence of fungal infection on culture on day 5 or day 30 post antifungal lock, pulse field gel electrophoresis will be performed on both the original and new isolate to determine if the fungal organism is the same.
   • If the organism is the same based upon electrophoretic analysis, treatment will be deemed a failure
   • If the organism is not the same, then another source for the infection will be investigated.
9. Since the standard of care would have been to remove the CVC, the primary end point of the study will be the number and percent of patients who successfully received antifungal lock therapy, i.e., those patients with at least 2 negative fungal cultures before the completion of 5 days of antifungal lock therapy and whose CVCs were not removed. Secondary endpoints will include the number of days before the cultures become negative; the development of fungal-related complications (e.g., septic arthritis, endocarditis, etc.); and the development of recurrent candidemia on day 5 and day 30 post antifungal lock therapy.
10. When medically appropriate, subjects may be discharged to complete their Ambisome® lock therapy at home. Instructions/training on how to administer lock therapy will be provided to the parents, guardian, or subject and contact with the research coordinator will be maintained while the patient is at home.
11. A patient registry will be established and offered to all subjects with central line fungal infections treated with Ambisome® locks.

• Hall K, Farr B. Diagnosis and management of long-term central venous catheter infections. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 Apr;15(4):327-34. Review.
• Mermel LA, Farr BM, Sherertz RJ, Raad II, O'Grady N, Harris JS, Craven DE; Infectious Diseases Society of America; American College of Critical Care Medicine; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 May 1;32(9):1249-72. Epub 2001 Apr 3. Review. No abstract available.
• Raad I, Costerton W, Sabharwal U, Sacilowski M, Anaissie E, Bodey GP. Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. J Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;168(2):400-7.
• Schinabeck MK, Long LA, Hossain MA, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Mohamed S, Ghannoum MA. Rabbit model of Candida albicans biofilm infection: liposomal amphotericin B antifungal lock therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 May;48(5):1727-32.
• Johnson DC, Johnson FL, Goldman S. Preliminary results treating persistent central venous catheter infections with the antibiotic lock technique in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 Oct;13(10):930-1. No abstract available.
• Viale P, Petrosillo N, Signorini L, Puoti M, Carosi G. Should lock therapy always be avoided for central venous catheter-associated fungal bloodstream infections? Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Dec 1;33(11):1947-8; author reply 1949-51. No abstract available.
• Kuhn DM, George T, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA. Antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms: unique efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations and echinocandins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Jun;46(6):1773-80.
• Siegman-Igra Y, Anglim AM, Shapiro DE, Adal KA, Strain BA, Farr BM. Diagnosis of vascular catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Apr;35(4):928-36.
• Blot F, Nitenberg G, Chachaty E, Raynard B, Germann N, Antoun S, Laplanche A, Brun-Buisson C, Tancrède C. Diagnosis of catheter-related bacteraemia: a prospective comparison of the time to positivity of hub-blood versus peripheral-blood cultures. Lancet. 1999 Sep 25;354(9184):1071-7.
• Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP. Hospital-acquired candidemia. The attributable mortality and excess length of stay. Arch Intern Med. 1988 Dec;148(12):2642-5.
• Eppes SC, Troutman JL, Gutman LT. Outcome of treatment of candidemia in children whose central catheters were removed or retained. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989 Feb;8(2):99-104.
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Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with intestinal insufficiency and central venous access.
• Culture positive fungal-related CRBSI.
• Females of childbearing potential will be eligible for the study.
• Ambisome carries a category B Pregnancy Risk Factor. Since this is a minimal pregnancy risk category, no special precautions will be taken to determine that the patient is not pregnant.
• HIV serostatus will not be determined for the purpose of participating in this study.