The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of lithium combined with riluzole to riluzole combined with placebo in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare, neurodegenerative disorder that results in progressive wasting and paralysis of voluntary muscles.

In this double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, researchers will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the drug lithium given in combination with riluzole, a drug commonly used to treat ALS, compared to a placebo given in combination with riluzole.

Approximately 250 participants will be recruited from multiple centers, in the US and Canada, that belong to the Northeast ALS Consortium (NEALS) and the Canadian ALS Clinical Trials and Research Network (CALS). Enrollment will occur in stages. Initially 84 participants will be enrolled in the trial. An interim analysis using available data will occur after the 84th participant is enrolled. During this time, the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) appointed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) may decide to stop the trial for efficacy or futility reasons or to stop enrollment and request that follow-up continue with the 84 participants already enrolled in the trial, or the DSMB may decide to continue enrollment.

Participants will be randomized to one of two arms of the study. Arm one will receive lithium and riluzole. Arm two will receive riluzole and placebo (an inactive substance). All participants will be receiving riluzole. After screening and randomization, participants will be followed every 4 weeks for the first 12 weeks. Subsequent in-person visits will occur every 8 weeks with a final visit at week 52. Between in-person visits, telephone interviews will take place every 4 weeks to administer the ALS Functional Rating Scale—Revised (ALSFRS-R) questionnaire. A follow-up telephone interview will occur at week 56 (off study medication) to review adverse events. The primary outcome measure is disease progression as measured by the ALSFRS-R questionnaire. Participants randomized to placebo whose disease progresses will be crossed over to lithium for the remaining period of the study (up to 52 weeks total).

Duration of the study for participants is 56 weeks which includes 52 weeks of treatment and a followup telephone interview at week 56.

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• ALS

• Drug: Lithium
• Drug: Riluzole
• Drug: placebo

• Active Comparator: Participants randomized to lithium/riluzole (randomization is 1:1 lithium/riluzole to placebo/riluzole, i.e., participants have an equal chance of getting randomized to lithium vs. placebo).
• Placebo Comparator: Participants randomized to placebo/riluzole (randomization is 1:1 lithium/riluzole to placebo/riluzole, i.e., participants have an equal chance of getting randomized to lithium vs. placebo).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Familial or sporadic ALS
• Participants diagnosed with laboratory supported probable, clinically possible, probable or definite ALS according to the World Federation of Neurology Revised El Escorial criteria
• Disease duration from symptom onset no greater than 36 months at the Screening Visit
• Age 18 years or older
• Capable of providing informed consent and complying with trial procedures
• On a stable dose of riluzole 50mg bid for at least 30 days prior to screening
• Vital capacity (VC) equal to or more than 60% predicted value for gender, height and age at the Screening Visit
• Creatinine <1.5 mg/dl (133 umol/L)
• Participants maintained on thyroid medication must be euthyroid for at least 3 months before the Screening Visit.
• Participants with psoriasis must have inactive disease for at least 30 days before the Screening Visit.
• Women must not be able to become pregnant (e.g., post menopausal for at least one year, surgically sterile, or practicing adequate birth control methods) for the duration of the study. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test at the Screening Visit and be non-lactating.
• Geographic accessibility to the study site

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of known sensitivity or intolerability to lithium or to any other related compound
• Prior exposure to lithium within 90 days of the Screening Visit
• Exposure to any investigational agent within 30 days of the Screening Visit
• Participants who are malnourished, dehydrated or on a sodium-free diet will be excluded due to the potential side effects of lithium carbonate
• Use of digoxin or iodide salts [e.g. calcium iodide, hydrogen iodide (hydriodic acid), iodide, iodinated glycerol (Organidin), iodine, potassium iodide (SSKI), and sodium iodide supplementation beyond table salt]
• Presence of any of the following clinical conditions: Substance abuse within the past year; Unstable cardiac, pulmonary, renal, hepatic, endocrine, hematologic, or active malignancy or infectious disease; AIDS or AIDS-related complex; Clinically active psoriasis within 30 days of the Screening Visit; Unstable psychiatric illness defined as psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) or untreated major depression within 90 days of the Screening Visit; Screening serum creatinine greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL (133 umol/L), TSH > 20% above the upper limit; Presence of any clinically significant conduction abnormalities on ECG; or Lactating or have a positive serum pregnancy test at the Screening Visit.

• ALS Association
• ALS Society of Canada
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
• University of Toronto
• State University of New York - Upstate Medical University
• Columbia University
• University of Kentucky