The primary aim of this proposal is to present a novel, multimodal treatment strategy for increasing lean body mass in individuals with cancer who experience cachexia between baseline and day 29 (+/- 3 days). The strategy includes graded resistance training and aerobic exercise, targeted nutrient supplementation and pharmacologic intervention (melatonin, ibuprofen, and beta-blockers).

-Researchers postulate that this strategy, together with the simultaneous management of symptoms that decrease appetite (e.g. depression, pain, and nausea), will also accomplish our secondary objectives of improving clinical outcomes such as strength and function between baseline and day 29 (+/- 3 days).

THE STUDY DRUGS:

ATENOLOL is designed to block the negative effects of adrenaline (a stress hormone) on the heart.

IBUPROFEN is designed to reduce inflammation caused by cancer.

MELATONIN is a hormone that helps reduce inflammation and poor food absorption caused by cancer. It may also enhance the effects of ibuprofen.

JUVEN is a nutritional supplement that is designed to help build muscle and slow muscle breakdown.

SCREENING TESTS:

Before you can start treatment on this study, you will have "screening tests" to help the doctor decide if you are eligible to take part in this study. The following tests will be performed:

• Blood (1 to 2 tablespoons) will be drawn for routine tests. This routine blood draw will include a pregnancy test for women who are able to have children. To be eligible to take part in this study, the pregnancy test must be negative.
• You will have a fecal occult blood test to detect any blood in the stool, unless data is available from a test done in the previous 14 days. To perform this test, you will place a small sample of stool on a chemically treated card. You will drop a solution on top of the sample and if the card turns blue, there is blood in the stool.
• Additional blood (1 tablespoon) will be drawn to check your thyroid function and the levels of two B vitamins, if these have not been checked within the past 3 months.
• You will have a physical exam, including measurement of vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and breathing rate).
• You will have an electrocardiogram (ECG -- a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart).
• Your resting energy expenditure (energy used at rest) will be measured. with a calorie-measuring device. For this test, you will breathe in and out through your mouth for about 10 minutes to allow a calorie-measuring device to measure the oxygen your body uses, and from this it calculates how much energy your body uses at rest.
• You will be asked to fill out a questionnaire to rate your overall physical well-being, another questionnaire to rate your level of fatigue, and a third questionnaire to rate your experiences with 10 common symptoms in the past 24 hours (pain, fatigue, nausea, depression, anxiety, drowsiness, shortness of breath, changes in appetite, sleep difficulty, and feeling of well being). In total, these questionnaires will take about 30 minutes to complete.
• You will complete a diary entry that lists all of the food and drinks you have had in the last 3 days. It should take about 10 minutes to complete.
• Your strength and stamina will be evaluated. This is measured by hand-grip and pinch strength tests that are done with both hands. These tests will see how hard you can grip a device with your hand and pinch the pads of another device called a pinch gauge. These tests will be done 3 times and your best scores will be used. Your strength and stamina will also be checked using the Get-Up-and-Go test and the 6-minute walk test. The Get-Up-and-Go test measures how long it takes to get up from sitting in a chair that has arms, walking 10 feet, turning around and walking back to the chair, and sitting down. The 6-minute walk test will measure the distance you can walk in 6 minutes on a 100-foot loop. You will walk 50 feet and then turn and walk back to the beginning. You will do this at a walking speed that feels comfortable and for as many times as you can in 6 minutes.
• Blood (1 to 2 tablespoons) will be drawn to check for markers of inflammation and nutrition status.

STUDY DRUG ADMINISTRATION:

You will take one (1) 20 mg capsule of melatonin every night. It can be taken with or without food. It should be taken with 8 ounces (1 cup) of water.

You will take 400 mg of ibuprofen 3 times a day. Ibuprofen can be taken with food. It should be taken with 8 ounces of water.

You may be asked to take 25 mg of atenolol, daily, by mouth, if your resting heart rate is greater than 110 beats per minute or your resting energy expenditure is 110% of what is expected for you.

Atenolol can be taken with food. It should be taken with 8 ounces of water. At first, the dose of atenolol will be 25 mg, but it may be adjusted until your resting heart rate reaches a certain level. If you experience fatigue or depression that may be related to the use of atenolol, a lower and more tolerable dose will be used. The medication will be discontinued if symptoms remain.

If you have a history of uncontrolled bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), you will not use atenolol. If you have mild to moderate controlled COPD, you will stop taking atenolol if intolerable side effects occur.

You will drink 90 calories of Juven, twice a day. Juven is a powder supplement that is mixed into 8 ounces of water. It is available in orange or grape flavors.

You will also be instructed to increase your daily calorie intake by at least 1,000 calories. To assist you in doing so, dietary advice will be given to you by a nurse or dietician.

EXERCISE TRAINING:

You will have 2 exercise training sessions a week. The sessions will combine resistance and graded aerobic training.

RESISTANCE TRAINING (with Thera-bands) is designed to increase the muscle-building effects of a hormone called testosterone. Thera-bands are rubber bands that you can hold or put around your feet to provide resistance to your muscles when you bend and flex your arms and legs.

You will be instructed in how to do 3 upper-body exercises (chest press, shoulder press, and arm pull down) and 3 lower-body exercises (leg press, leg extension, and leg flexion).

At your first visit, a therapist experienced in physical rehabilitation and exercise medicine will make sure that all exercises are done correctly.

Each repetition will take 12 seconds to complete (6 seconds to bend, then 6 seconds to straighten your arm or leg). When 6 repetitions are completed, the next week's set will be increased by 1 repetition.

GRADED AEROBIC EXERCISE is a walking/running program that may help you exercise longer.

Graded aerobic exercise involves walking or running for 3-4 minutes at 70-80% of your maximum predicted heart rate. There will be a 3-minute warm-up and a 3-minute cool-down before and after this exercise.

During your first visit, you will be shown how to monitor your heart rate and how to exercise at 70-80% of your maximum heart rate.

You will add 1 minute to your aerobic exercise at the start of each week.

You will receive your own customized aerobic and resistance exercise program based on your range of motion and risk for falls, which will be evaluated by the study staff.

If you experience chest pain, have a temperature over 100.4 °F, have a platelet count of lower than a certain level, have fresh bruises, or shortness of breath at rest, you will be advised to stop exercising until these are relieved.

EVALUATIONS:

While on study, within 3 days of the days listed below, the following measurements will be monitored:

• Your lean body mass and weight will be checked at Days 15 and 29 using the Tanita TBF-310 body composition analyzer/scale. For measurements with the Tanita TBF 310, you will be asked to wear light clothes and to take off your shoes and socks when being weighed. You will stand on a special scale that will send an extremely low-energy, high-frequency electrical signal from one foot to your other foot. You should not be able to feel this at all.
• Your muscle mass (mid-arm muscle area) will be measured with a special tape.
• The thickness of a skin fold on your triceps (back of your upper arm) will be measured 3 times using skin fold calipers. Calipers are a gentle clamp-like device that is used on the outside of your body to measure skin thickness.
• At Day 29, your resting energy expenditure will be measured.
• On Days 15 and 29 of the study cycle, you will complete the same 3 questionnaires as at screening.
• Your caloric intake will be measured on Days 15 and 29.
• Your strength and stamina will be evaluated on Days 15 and 29.
• On Day 29, blood (1 to 2 tablespoons) will be drawn to check for markers of inflammation and nutrition.
• Blood (about 1 to 2 tablespoons) will be drawn for routine tests every 15 days while you are on-study. You will also have a fecal occult blood test at this time.

LENGTH OF STUDY:

You will be on study for 29 days (1 cycle).

This is an investigational study. Melatonin and Juven are commercially available nutritional supplements and are exempt from FDA approval. Ibuprofen and atenolol are FDA approved and commercially available. However, in patients with cancer and cachexia, the study treatment (resistance training, aerobic exercise, and the use of Juven, atenolol, ibuprofen, and melatonin) is considered experimental. At this time, it is only being used in research.

Up to 40 patients will be enrolled on this study. All will be enrolled at M. D. Anderson.

• Advanced Cancer
• Cachexia

• Behavioral: Graded Resistance Training
• Behavioral: Aerobic Exercise
• Drug: Melatonin
• Drug: Ibuprofen
• Drug: Atenolol
• Dietary Supplement: Juven

Inclusion Criteria:

• Are referred to the Cachexia Clinic with involuntary weight loss of >5% of their premorbid weight within the previous 6 months.
• Are 18 years of age or older
• Have a Karnofsky performance score of 60 or higher.
• Can maintain oral food intake during the study
• Can understand the study procedures and can sign an informed consent form.
• Are not currently taking melatonin, a beta-blocker,a combination alpha and beta blocker or a non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID).
• Are taking megestrol acetate and continue to lose weight despite at least 2 weeks of therapy.
• Have a calculated creatinine clearance of >/= 60 cc/min

Exclusion Criteria:

• Have dementia or delirium (as determined by the palliative care specialist) at study entry.
• Are pregnant
• Severe sinus bradycardia with a heart rate of < 45 beat/min,atrial fibrillation with an uncontrolled ventricular response,a high degree Atrioventricular block,a history of congestive heart failure;a history of myocardial infarction or stroke within the past 3 months, a history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; a history of moderate to severe stenotic valvular heart disease.
• Have been taking corticosteroids for longer than 48 hours.
• Have pulmonary edema, ascites or pitting edema on clinical examination.
• Are unable to walk.
• Hypersensitivity to ibuprofen or a history of asthma, urticaria or allergic-type reactions after taking aspirin or other NSAID's
• Have a history of serious adverse gastrointestinal events (i.e., bleeding or perforation),history of a coagulopathy or current anti-coagulant use.
• Have symptoms of dyspepsia or a history of uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease and are unable to add a proton pump inhibitor to their medication.
• Are older than 65 years, have a hemoglobin level <9 g/dl, platelet count less than 50 000/mm3, calculated creatinine clearance level of less than 60 cc/min, or ALT/AST>3x upper limit of normal.
• Have a history of hypersensitivity or allergy to beta-blockers,or a history of uncontrolled bronchial asthma or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• Patients on methotrexate.
• Patients taking melatonin receptor agonists (such as Rozerem® [ramelteon]).
• Patients that, after discussion between the primary oncologist and the palliative care specialist, the oncologist is of the opinion that anti-neoplastic therapy is more likely to improve the cachexia and its associated quality of life.