• Change in Hb concentration, percentage of patients maintaining average Hb concentration within target range, percentage of patients requiring dose adjustments, incidence of RBC transfusions. [ Time Frame: Throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• SF36 [ Time Frame: Weeks 16 and 48 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• AEs, laboratory parameters. [ Time Frame: Throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

This 2 arm study will assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of subcutaneous Mircera, versus no ESA therapy, in chronic kidney disease patients with anemia after kidney transplant, not currently treated with ESA. Patients will be randomized to receive a)subcutaneous Mircera at a recommended starting dose of 0.6 micrograms/kg every 2 weeks, switching to monthly treatment at week 16 or b)supportive treatment (eg. iron supplementation) for management of low hemoglobin concentrations. The anticipated time on study treatment is 3-12 months, and the target sample size is 100-500 individuals.

• Drug: methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta [Mircera]
• Drug: Supportive treatment

Inclusion Criteria:

• adult patients, >=18 years of age;
• kidney transplant >=6 months and <5 years prior to randomization;
• anemia;
• no ESA therapy during 3 months prior to randomization.

Exclusion Criteria:

• requirement for hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis within 3 months prior to randomization;
• change in Hb concentration >=1.5g/dL during screening period;
• transfusion of red blood cells during 3 months prior to randomization;
• poorly controlled hypertension;
• significant acute or chronic bleeding within 3 months prior to randomization.