The purpose of this study is to determine whether oxycodone provides better analgesia compared to morphine after laparoscopic hysterectomy or myomectomy.

Traditionally, a 1:1 ratio in analgesic potency between intravenous morphine and oxycodone has been presumed (1-2), but one study demonstrated a 3:2 ratio between those drugs (3). During the last years, several studies indicate that oxycodone has the potential of mediating pain relief through the kappa-opioid receptor (4-6), and not only on the my-opioid receptor like most other opioids used in the clinic. Kappa-opioid receptors are widely distributed in visceral organs, and this may explain why Kalso (3) found less need for oxycodone compared to morphine in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether patients with visceral postoperative pain need less oxycodone compared to morphine, and whether patients receiving oxycodone experience better pain relief and less adverse effects compared to patients receiving morphine.

Before start of surgery, the patients will be tested with PainMatcher, an instrument testing electrical pain threshold in the skin (7-10), to ensure that both groups have the same pain threshold before surgery.

References

1. Kalso E. Oxycodone. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 2005; 29: S47-S56.
2. Silvasti M, Rosenberg P, Seppala T, Svartling N, Pitkanen M. Comparison of analgesic efficacy of oxycodone and morphine in postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42: 576-80.
3. Kalso E, Poyhia R, Onnela P, Linko K, Tigerstedt I, Tammisto T. Intravenous morphine and oxycodone for pain after abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991; 35: 642-6.
4. Staahl C, Christrup LL, Andersen SD, Arendt-Nielsen L, Drewes AM. A comparative study of oxycodone and morphine in a multi-modal, tissue-differentiated experimental pain model. Pain 2006; 123: 28-36.
5. Ross FB, Smith MT. The intrinsic antinociceptive effects of oxycodone appear to be kappa-opioid receptor mediated. Pain 1997; 73: 151-7.
6. Sandner-Kiesling A, Pan HL, Chen SR, James RL, Haven-Hudkins DL, Dewan DM, Eisenach JC. Effect of kappa opioid agonists on visceral nociception induced by uterine cervical distension in rats. Pain 2002; 96: 13-22.
7. Alstergren P, Forstrom J, Alstergren P, Forstrom J. Acute oral pain intensity and pain threshold assessed by intensity matching to pain induced by electrical stimuli. Journal of Orofacial Pain 2003; 17: 151-9.
8. Lundeberg T, Lund I, Dahlin L, Borg E, Gustafsson C, Sandin L, Rosen A, Kowalski J, Eriksson SV. Reliability and responsiveness of three different pain assessments. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2001; 33: 279-83.
9. Nielsen PR. Prediction of post-operative pain by an electrical pain stimulus. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 582-6.
10. Stener-Victorin E, Kowalski J, Lundeberg T. A new highly reliable instrument for the assessment of pre- and postoperative gynecological pain. Anesth & Analg 95: 151-7.

• Hysterectomy
• Myoma
• Postoperative Pain
• Opioids

• Active Comparator: This arm will receive intravenous oxycodone at the end of surgery and PCA oxycodone for postoperative pain relief.
• Active Comparator: This arm will receive intravenous morphine at the end of surgery and PCA morphine for postoperative pain relief.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients (American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) I, II and III) due for elective, laparoscopic, non-malignant gynaecologic surgery: Hysterectomy or myomectomy.
• Written informed consent.
• Age: 18 to 70 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients having used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) the last 24 hours.
• Sensitivity towards the study drugs.
• Cardiovascular risk conditions: Heart failure, unstable hypertension, coronary artery disease.
• Patients using opioids, steroids or anti-emetic drugs.
• Serious mental disease.