• Event-Free Survival (EFS) [ Time Frame: October 2010 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Overall Survival (OS) [ Time Frame: October 2010 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

The goal of this clinical research study is to find out if standard chemotherapy given with idarubicin and Cytarabine (ara-C) can help to control acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Ara-C and idarubicin are designed to interfere with DNA's (the genetic material of cells) ability to repair itself, causing cancer cells to die.

Before you can start treatment on this study, you will have "screening tests." These tests will help the doctor decide if you are eligible to take part in this study. You will have your medical history recorded. You will have a complete physical exam, including measurement of your vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and breathing rate). Blood (about 3-4 teaspoons) will be drawn for routine tests. This routine blood draw will include a pregnancy test for women who are able to have children. To be eligible to take part in this study, the pregnancy test must be negative. You will have samples of bone marrow and aspirate collected to check the status of the disease. To collect a bone marrow and aspirate sample, an area of the hip or chest bone is numbed with anesthetic, and a small amount of bone marrow and bone is withdrawn through a large needle.

If you are found to be eligible to take part in this study, you will receive treatment with idarubicin and ara-C for up to 8 cycles. One cycle lasts about 4-5 weeks. Cycles 1 and 2 are called induction therapy, which is used to help induce (cause) a remission. Cycles 3 to 8 are called consolidation therapy, which is a type of high-dose chemotherapy often given as the second phase of a cancer treatment.

After Cycle 1, you will have a brief rest period of a few days, before you move on to Cycle 2. On Day 1 of Cycle 1, you will receive cytarabine by vein as a continuous infusion over 4 days. It will only be 3 days if you are age 60 or older. On Days 1-3 of Cycle 1, you will receive idarubicin by vein over 1 hour once a day.

The dose of the study drugs you receive may be changed to help manage side effects (such as nausea and diarrhea) that you may experience. Medications (given by mouth or by vein), such as Tylenol (acetaminophen), may be given before and during treatment to help decrease the risk of such side effects. The study doctor will specify what these medications are.

You will have blood drawn (about 2 teaspoons) for routine tests about once a week during treatment. Starting on Days 21-28, you will have bone marrow collected every 1-2 weeks to check the status of the disease. Blood (about 2 tablespoons) will also be drawn at least twice a week after each cycle of therapy (beginning about 4-6 weeks from the start of treatment each cycle) to check your blood counts.

Cycle 2 will begin after your blood counts have recovered. If at the end of Cycle 1 you have not achieved a remission (disease has decreased), you may receive Cycle 2, which will be similar to Cycle 1.

If the disease is responding to treatment after Cycle 2 (after completion of induction therapy), you will receive up to 6 more cycles of therapy. These cycles are called consolidation therapy. Consolidation therapy is a type of high-dose chemotherapy often given as the second phase to treat cancer. For consolidation therapy, you will receive ara-C as a continuous infusion over 3 days starting on Day 1 of Cycle 3. On Days 1 and 2 of Cycles 3 and 4, you will receive idarubicin by vein over 1 hour. Your blood (about 2 tablespoons) will be drawn at least twice a week after each cycle to check your blood counts. Cycle 3 will begin after your blood counts have recovered.

After completion of consolidation therapy, you may receive what is called maintenance therapy. Maintenance therapy will start after completion of consolidation therapy. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. It is treatment that is given to help the original treatment keep working. You will be told if you will have maintenance therapy as well as the drugs and drug schedule you will be on.

During consolidation and/or maintenance therapy, blood (about 2 teaspoons) will be drawn for routine tests every 1-2 weeks. You will have bone marrow collected every 3-6 months to check the status of the disease.

You may have treatment on this study for up to 8 cycles (induction and consolidation therapy) or more (for maintenance therapy), depending on disease response to the study drugs. If the disease gets worse or you experience any intolerable side effects, you will be taken off this study, and your study doctor will discuss other treatment options with you.

Once your participation is over on this study, you will be followed-up with a phone call by the study doctor or study nurse to check on how you are doing and if you have experienced any intolerable side effects. The call should last about 10-15 minutes.

This is an investigational study. Idarubicin and ara-C are both FDA approved and commercially available. Up to 200 patients will take part in this study. All will be enrolled at M. D. Anderson.

• Leukemia
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• AML

• Drug: Cytarabine
• Drug: Idarubicin

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of 1) AML (WHO classification definition of >/= 20% blasts). Patients with M6 AML with less than 20% blasts are eligible.
• Patients aged 15 to 75 years are eligible. Patients must be chemo-naïve, i.e. not have received any prior chemotherapy (except hydrea) for AML. They could have received transfusions, hematopoietic growth factors or vitamins. Temporary measures such as pheresis or hydrea (0.5 to 5g daily or more for up to 3 days) are allowed .
• ECOG PS of 0, 1, 2, or 3 at screening.
• Serum biochemical values with the following limits: - creatinine </= 2.0 mg/dl - total bilirubin </= 2.0 mg/dL, unless increase is due to hemolysis - transaminases (SG PT) </= 3x ULN
• Ability to understand and provide signed informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subjects with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL).
• Presence of active systemic infection.
• Any coexisting medical condition that in the judgment of the treating physician is likely to interfere with study procedures or results.
• Nursing women, women of childbearing potential with positive urine pregnancy test, or women of childbearing potential who are not willing to maintain adequate contraception (such as birth control pills, IUD, diaphragm, abstinence, or condoms by their partner) over the entire course of the study.study.