• as measured by overnight polysomnogram: [ Time Frame: within one year of operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Changes in minimum oxygen saturation [ Time Frame: within one year of operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Changes in Respiratory Disturbance index [ Time Frame: within one year of operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Changes in peak end-tidal carbon dioxide(CO2) level [ Time Frame: within one year of operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Changes in mean end-tidal carbon dioxide(CO2) level [ Time Frame: within one year of operation ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

• as measured by overnight polysomnogram:
• Changes in minimum oxygen saturation
• Changes in Respiratory Disturbance index
• Changes in peak end-tidal carbon dioxide(CO2) level
• Changes in mean end-tidal carbon dioxide(CO2) level

This is a research study of the effect of treating laryngomalacia (floppiness of tissue on top of the voice box that can possibly block breathing) found in association with obstructive sleep apnea (blockage of breathing while sleeping).

The purpose of this study is to determine which is the best treatment for children with obstructive sleep apnea and laryngomalacia: adenotonsillectomy alone or adenotonsillectomy with laser supraglottoplasty (removal of tissue on top of the voice box to open the airway).

If you agree to have your child be in the study, you will do the following things:

you are consenting to your child having the adenoid (tissue similar to lymph nodes, found in the back of the throat) and tonsils removed (if not previously performed), direct laryngoscopy (looking in the throat) and bronchoscopy (inspection of the lungs with a long tube-like device down the throat), and randomization (½ will be treated further, ½ will be observed) into treatment and no-treatment arms if your child is diagnosed with laryngomalacia. After starting general anesthesia (putting patient to sleep for procedure), the surgeon will perform direct laryngoscopy (look at the throat and voice box) and bronchoscopy (look at the entrance to the lungs [trachea or windpipe]). If your child is diagnosed with laryngomalacia (flopping of the tissue around the voice box, potentially causing obstruction or blockage), 50% will undergo a further treatment (laser supraglottoplasty, or removal of tissue at the entrance of the voice box) and 50% will be observed. The decision to treat or not treat will be random, as is customary for prospective research trials. All children (both treatment arms will receive a 3 week treatment of a medicine (a proton pump inhibitor) to reduce the level of stomach acid and prevent potential exposure of the larynx (voice-box) to stomach acid. If your child does not have laryngomalacia, no further treatment on the larynx (voice-box) will be performed. Next, adenotonsillectomy will be performed as is common for the Otolaryngologist performing the procedure. Postoperatively, a sleep study will be performed (identical to the preoperative study) ideally 3-6 months after surgery, (but up to one year after) to monitor your child's progress. Additional laboratory tests or drawing of blood is not routine in this procedure, but may be performed as dictated by your child's medical conditions.

• Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
• Respiration Disorders

• Procedure: supraglottoplasty with laser
• Procedure: laser supraglottoplasty

• No Intervention: If laryngomalacia is found, then in the control group, no supraglottoplasty will be performed. Only the tonsils and adenoids will be removed.
• Experimental: If laryngomalacia is found, then in the Treatment group, a supraglottoplasty will be performed, as well as removal of the tonsils and adenoids.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 1 year old to 18 years of age, clinical signs or symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (snoring, witnessed apneas, daytime somnolence, restless sleeping, or cyanosis), abnormal polysomnogram (mild, moderate, or severe OSA) including CO2 measures, failed or refused trial of CPAP, or not recommended by their pulmonologist or primary care doctor.

Exclusion Criteria:

• prior laser supraglottoplasty, prior adenoidectomy prior tonsillectomy, stridor with cyanosis or apnea, severe respiratory distress, recurrent pneumonia (x3), Laryngeal cyst, vocal cord (VC) Paralysis, airway vascular malformation, neoplasm, subglottic hemangioma, paradoxical vocal cord (VC) motion, posterior glottic stenosis, glottic webs, discoordinate pharyngolaryngomalacia, or refusal to participate.