• Intraoperative and postoperative blood loss [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Intraoperative and postoperative blood products received, including autologous blood, allogenic blood, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, or cryo [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Potential complications of transfusion [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Potential complications of EACA [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Potential surgical complications [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• Duration of mechanical ventilation [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• In-hospital mortality [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• ICU length of stay (LOS) [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Hospital LOS [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• Direct costs of hospital care [ Time Frame: Measured through the 8th postoperative day ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

• Intraoperative and postoperative blood loss
• Intraoperative and postoperative blood products received, including autologous blood, allogenic blood, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, or cryo
• Potential complications of transfusion
• Potential complications of EACA
• Potential surgical complications
• Duration of mechanical ventilation
• In-hospital mortality
• ICU length of stay (LOS)
• Hospital LOS
• Direct costs of hospital care (all measured through the 8th postoperative day)

Individuals who undergo spine surgery often have a significant loss of blood and may require multiple blood transfusions. Research has shown that epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) may reduce the amount of blood lost during surgery, which would decrease the number of blood transfusions required. This study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of EACA at reducing blood loss and the need for blood transfusions in individuals undergoing spine surgery.

Spine surgery is often required to correct a number of diseases, including spondylosis, pseudoarthrosis, scoliosis, or other spinal deformities. Spine surgery is often associated with significant blood loss and individuals may require multiple blood transfusions during and following surgery. Blood transfusions are expensive and carry an increased risk of health complications, including fever, allergic reactions, or infections. Preliminary research has shown that EACA may be beneficial for individuals undergoing spine surgery. In addition, EACA appears to be safer and less expensive than other medications typically used to treat serious bleeding. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of EACA at reducing the number of blood transfusions required during and following spine surgery in adults.

This study will enroll individuals who are undergoing spine surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Prior to surgery, participants' demographic data and medical history will be collected. Participants will then be randomly assigned to receive either EACA or placebo intravenously during surgery and for 8 hours following surgery in the intensive care unit (ICU). While in the hospital, participants will have blood drawn frequently for laboratory testing. They will receive blood transfusions as needed and will be closely monitored for blood loss and any medical, surgical, or transfusion complications. Outcome measurements related to the amount of transfused blood required and postoperative complications will be collected on the 8th day following surgery. Study participation will end on the day of hospital discharge or the day of a necessary second surgery.

• Scoliosis
• Kyphosis
• Lordosis
• Spondylitis
• Spinal Stenosis

• Drug: Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid (EACA)
• Drug: Placebo

• Experimental: Participants will receive either EACA.
• Placebo Comparator: Participants will receive placebo.

• Goodnough LT, Bach RG. Anemia, transfusion, and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2001 Oct 25;345(17):1272-4. No abstract available.
• Troianos CA, Sypula RW, Lucas DM, D'Amico F, Mathie TB, Desai M, Pasqual RT, Pellegrini RV, Newfeld ML. The effect of prophylactic epsilon-aminocaproic acid on bleeding, transfusions, platelet function, and fibrinolysis during coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesthesiology. 1999 Aug;91(2):430-5.
• Slaughter TF, Faghih F, Greenberg CS, Leslie JB, Sladen RN. The effects of epsilon-aminocaproic acid on fibrinolysis and thrombin generation during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 1997 Dec;85(6):1221-6.
• Florentino-Pineda I, Thompson GH, Poe-Kochert C, Huang RP, Haber LL, Blakemore LC. The effect of amicar on perioperative blood loss in idiopathic scoliosis: the results of a prospective, randomized double-blind study. Spine. 2004 Feb 1;29(3):233-8.
• Berenholtz SM, Pham JC, Garrett-Mayer E, Atchison CW, Kostuik JP, Cohen DB, Nundy S, Dorman T, Ness PM, Klag MJ, Pronovost PJ, Kebaish KM. Effect of epsilon aminocaproic acid on red-cell transfusion requirements in major spinal surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Sep 1;34(19):2096-103.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of spondylosis, pseudoarthrosis, kyphoscoliosis, or acquired or congenital spine deformity
• Willing to undergo elective spinal surgery by a participating surgeon; eligible procedures include the following: spine osteotomy, arthrodesis, instrumentation and/or corpectomy, surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis, or surgery for degenerative disc disease

Exclusion Criteria:

• Requires urgent or emergent surgery
• Has kidney failure that requires dialysis
• Has a known bleeding diathesis, defined as a documented history of an inherited bleeding disorder (e.g., hemophilia or von Willebrand's disease) OR prothrombin time ratio greater than 1.5 seconds OR a documented previous arterial or venous thrombosis within 1 year of study entry
• Pregnant