This study will investigate what factors may lead to the development of immune reconstitution syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-infected patients and what the outcome is after IRIS. It will also seek to better define and describe the syndrome. IRIS is a condition that can occur in HIV-infected people following the start of antiretroviral therapy. The sudden improvement of immune function with this therapy can cause an unexpected worsening of diseases the patient already has, such as tuberculosis or fungal infections, and development of fever, enlarged lymph nodes or other complications, or even uncover a previously silent disease.

HIV-infected people who are at least 18 years old, whose CD4+T cell count is 100 cells per microliter or less, and who have not previously been treated with combination antiretroviral therapy or have taken the drugs for less than 3 months and more than 6 months before screening for this study may be eligible to participate. Candindates must also live within the wider DC area so that acute problems after therapy initiation will be evaluated at NIH. Candidates are evaluated before starting therapy with a medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray and CT scan of the chest, tuberculin skin testing, apheresis, and possibly an intestinal (gut) and lymph node biopsy (surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination). For apheresis, blood is collected through a needle in an arm vein and spun in a machine that separates the blood components. The white blood cells and plasma are removed, and the red cells and platelets are returned through the same needle or through a needle in a vein in the other arm.

Participants have a complete history and physical examination and additional blood tests, including genetic studies, upon entering the study. They start taking anti-HIV medications, prescribed according to the current standard of care, as well as medications to treat other infections, and treatment of IRIS, if needed. The study lasts about 4 years. Patients return to the clinic at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the entry visit, then every 12 weeks (about every 3 months) until week 48 (the first year), and then every 16 weeks (about every 4 months) until the end of the study. At most visits, patients have a medical history, physical examination and blood and urine tests, including CD4+T cell count and HIV plasma viral load measurement. Apheresis is also done at weeks 24 and 48 and then once every 48 weeks. Intestinal and lymph node biopsies (optional) are also done at weeks 24 and 48. A syphilis test and PAP smear (for women) are done yearly. and plasma, cells and serum are stored at almost every visit for immunologic studies.

A cohort observational study evaluating the predictors, incidence, clinical presentation and immunopathogenesis of Immune Reconstitution Syndrome (IRIS) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infected patients with CD4 Count less than or equal to 100 cells/microL who are initiating antiretroviral therapy.

Immune reconstitution syndrome (IRIS) is a clinical syndrome that has been described in HIV infected patients after initiation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), and is characterized by paradoxical acute worsening of an underlying opportunistic infection or AIDS-defining illness. There is no widely accepted syndromic definition, the pathogenesis of the syndrome is unclear and there is no specific therapy. The syndrome is more common in patients with low CD4+ T cell counts (less than 50 cells/microL) and in those with certain underlying infections (e.g. mycobacterial or cryptococcal infection) and is typically observed when there is evidence of response to HAART and while patients are still at risk for other opportunistic infections (OIs) or AIDS defining illnesses (e.g. pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia or cytomegalovirus [CMV] retinitis). The incidence of IRIS varies depending on the studied population and is very frequent in developing countries creating significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges as well as utilization of limited health resources.

DESIGN: International observational cohort study. Participants will be evaluated at baseline and followed according to the protocol follow up schedule after initiation of antiretroviral therapy for a total of two years. Acute symptoms that may be representing manifestations of IRIS will also be evaluated at additional acute care visits if necessary.

DURATION: Enrollment is expected to take 2 years. Each volunteer will be followed for two years with an optional 2-year extension for US participants only. Total duration of the study will be approximately 6-8 years (including the optional extension phase in US).

SAMPLE SIZE: Approximately 500 patients will be recruited over a 2- year period (approximately 100 in US and approximately 400 in Africa). Based on the incidence of IRIS in patients with low CD4 counts (approximately 20-40%), we anticipate strong power (approximately 90%) to identify baseline factors predictive of IRIS.

POPULATION: HIV-l-infected men and women, age greater than or equal to 18 years, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive with CD4+ T cell counts less than or equal to 100 cells/mm(3). Participants will be recruited and followed at two sites: the broader Washington DC and Kericho, Kenya, areas.

REGIMEN: Participants will be initiated on ART according to the clinical standard of care. If an OI or other AIDS defining illness is identified prior to or during screening or at any point during the study, they will also be treated according to standard of care.

• French MA, Price P, Stone SF. Immune restoration disease after antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2004 Aug 20;18(12):1615-27. Review.
• Shelburne SA 3rd, Hamill RJ. The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS Rev. 2003 Apr-Jun;5(2):67-79. Review.
• Stoll M, Schmidt RE. Immune Restoration Inflammatory Syndromes: The Dark Side of Successful Antiretroviral Treatment. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2003 Jun;5(3):266-276.

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

  1. For the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/US site: HIV-1 infection, as documented by OraQuick rapid test using venipuncture whole blood, or fingerstick whole blood done at screening; or by reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western Blot as determined by NIH Clinical Pathology Laboratory" or SAIC-Frederick Inc Monitoring Laboratory. HIV infection as determined by an outside Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-approved laboratory facility" will be accepted for enrollment and verified by a standard HIV-1 ELISA with Western Blot at NIH.

     For Keny Medical Research Institute/Walter Reed Project Clinical Research Center (KEMRI/WRP CRC)/Kenya site: HIV-1 infection will initially be diagnosed based upon two, serial rapid HIV tests according to Kenya Ministry of Health (MOH) guidelines. Volunteers entering this study will have HIV infection confirmed by two serial rapid HIV test in accordance with Kenya MOH guidelines and testing algorithm followed by a confirmation with a Western Blot using FDA approved-kits. Samples from participants with discrepant results (between the results from other institution and KEMRI/WRP-CRC laboratory) and/or indeterminate/negative Western Blot will be subjected to a nucleic acid assay i.e. DNA or RNA PCR.

  2. No previous treatment with potent combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART), defined as any protease inhibitor (PI)-based or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen, or even triple nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)-based regimen, consisting of at least three antiretroviral drugs (including a boosted PI with NNRTI combination). Patients with limited use of ART (less than 12 weeks duration) more than 24 weeks before screening will be eligible for study participation.
  3. Screening CD4+ cell count less than or equal to 100 cells/mm(3) obtained within 28 days prior to ART visit.
  4. Residence within the wider Washington D.C. area (approximately within a 120-mile radius from the NIH Bethesda campus) for the national Institutes of Health/US site and residents of the Kericho District Hospital catchment area, an approximate 93-mile (150 kilometers0 radius, for the KEMRI/WRP CRC/Kenya site.
  5. Men and women age greater than or equal to 18 years.
  6. Ability and willingness of subject or legal guardian/representative to understand study requirements and give informed consent.
  7. Be willing to allow storage of blood or tissue samples for future research.
  8. Be willing to have HLA testing.
  9. Participants must have primary care physician or will need to agree to find one during the first 24 weeks on study. For the KEMRI/WRP/Kenya site: Participants must be enrolled in the Kericho District Hospital HIV Clinic

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Active drug or alcohol use or dependence that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements.
2. Pregnancy will be an exclusion criterion for study entry given the intense nature of the protocol regarding blood draws, diagnostic testing, and follow-up.