• Pharmacokinetic assessments on consenting patients in cycle 1.
• Oral mucosa evaluations and patient questionnaires before each cycle and on days 10, 12, and 14.
• Daily symptom record diary to record oral mucositis score.

Primary:

1. To evaluate the preliminary efficacy of palifermin in reducing the incidence and severity of oral mucositis (OM) in patients with sarcoma receiving multicycle chemotherapy.
2. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of palifermin when given pre chemotherapy.
3. To evaluate the safety profile of palifermin when combined with multicycle chemotherapy.

Exploratory:

1. To evaluate the biologic effect of palifermin on oral mucosa.
2. To investigate potential biomarker development by biochemical analysis in blood cells, serum, and plasma.
3. To investigate the effects of genetic variation in mucositis genes, drug metabolism genes, and drug target genes on patient response to the treatment regimen.

Palifermin is similar to a protein keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) that is naturally made in your body in small amounts. The function of palifermin is to stimulate the growth of specific cells that form the tissue lining of your mouth and digestive tract. Damage to these cells results in the breakdown of the normal protective barrier that these cells usually provide, potentially resulting in infection.

Before you can start treatment on this study, you will have what are called "screening tests". These tests will help the doctor decide if you are eligible to take part in the study. You will have a complete medical history and physical exam, including measurement of height and weight. You will have about 3 teaspoons of blood collected for routine tests. Women who are able to have children must have a negative blood pregnancy test.

In addition to the routine blood tests, a small amount (about 2 tablespoons) of your blood will be collected, frozen, and sent to a lab to test for antibodies to palifermin and for components that give advanced signs that a drug may have an effect.

If you are eligible to take part in this study, you will be randomly assigned (as in the toss of a coin) to receive either palifermin or placebo by vein 3 days before each cycle of chemotherapy. This will be done for 18 weeks (a total of 12 injections). A placebo is a substance that looks like the study drug, but which has no active ingredients. The infusion time will last 15-30 seconds. At the beginning of the study, for every 3 patients who are enrolled on this study, 2 of the 3 will receive palifermin. Neither you nor the study doctor will know which study drug you are assigned to receive.

Within 1 or 2 days before you receive your first dose of palifermin and between 48 to 72 hours after you receive your first dose of palifermin, additional non-invasive optical imaging procedures may be performed. The purpose of these imaging procedures is to evaluate the effects of palifermin on mucosa (mucosal thickness). The types of optical imaging that may be done include optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy, or confocal microscopy. The oral cavity will be inspected and photographed. A probe about the size of a pen will be placed on one or two sites of oral buccal mucosa. A beam of light will then be directed to the oral tissue and optical signals will be collected from each site. This will take about 1 minute for each site. Before using the probe for each new participant, it will be disinfected per standard practice.

You will receive adriamycin with ifosfamide or cisplatin chemotherapy. Adriamycin will be given as a continuous infusion through your CVC for 3 days. Ifosfamide will be given intravenously (IV--through a needle in your vein) through your CVC over 3 hours, every day for 4 days. Mesna will be given as a 24-hour IV infusion through your CVC every day for 4 days through the same catheter. Mesna is used to protect against bladder-related side effects. For patients with certain types of sarcoma, vincristine will be given through the catheter by rapid infusion on Day 1 only. In patients with bone sarcoma, cisplatin will be given on the first day as IV or intra-arterial infusion over around 4 hours instead of ifosfamide.

You will need to come in to M. D. Anderson every 3 weeks for about 4 to 5 months during the treatment period, unless your doctor decides you need to come in more frequently. At these visits, you will have your vital signs measured and routine blood tests (about 3 teaspoons each) will be performed. In addition, you may have your oral cavity examined and photographed before and after receiving the study drug. Every effort will be made to take photographs in which you cannot be identified.

Additional blood samples (about 3 teaspoons) will be taken before each cycle and as frequently as needed to measure your blood count and other tests to monitor the drug side effects and treatment effects. By the end of the study, you will have given about 10 tablespoons of blood. This amount includes the optional blood draws should you choose to allow it to be drawn.

You will be responsible for notifying study staff (at your doctors visits or over the phone with the study staff) of any side effects you experience or medications (over the counter or prescription) that you take during the treatment period. You will also be required to notify any other doctors (separate from the study doctors) you see that you are participating in this research study.

If your anemia becomes severe while you are on study, then a transfusion may be recommended. If mucositis develops, the prohibited medicines can be allowed for treatment of the condition. If you experience an intolerable side effect while on study, you may be taken off study. If you leave the study early for any reason, your doctor will continue to follow your progress for 4 weeks and will access your medical records for a minimum of 1 year after the last dose of study drug (either palifermin or placebo) was given.

At your end of study visit, you will be evaluated for your disease status with imaging studies (CT scans or MRI) and your weight and vitals signs will be measured. You will report any medications you have taken since your last visit and any side effects or blood transfusion that you have had. You will also have a final blood draw (about 3 teaspoons) for routine tests.

The total length of your involvement in this study is expected to be about 18 weeks (4 to 5 months).

• Sarcoma
• Oral Mucositis

• Drug: Palifermin
• Drug: Placebo
• Drug: Doxorubicin
• Drug: Ifosfamide
• Drug: Vincristine
• Drug: Cisplatin

• Experimental: Palifermin + Chemotherapy (AI Regimen)
• Placebo Comparator: Placebo + Chemotherapy (AI Regimen)
• Experimental: Palifermin + Chemotherapy (AP Regimen)
• Placebo Comparator: Placebo + Chemotherapy (AP Regimen)

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with sarcoma which is locally advanced, at high risk for relapse or metastatic for whom treatment with high dose doxorubicin (90 mg/m2) with ifosfamide (AI) or cisplatinum (AP) is indicated.
2. Must be >/= 16 and </= 65 years of age.
3. Patients (male and female) with childbearing potential (defined as not post-menopausal for 12 months, negative blood pregnancy test, or no previous surgical sterilization) must use adequate birth control.
4. Adequate hematologic (ANC >/= 1500/mm^3, >/= Hgb 10gm/dL, platelet count >/= 150,000/mm^3), renal (serum creatinine </= 1.5mg/dL), hepatic (serum bilirubin count </= 1.5 x normal and SGPT < 3 x normal) functions.
5. Karnofsky Performance Status >/= 80.
6. Signed informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnant or lactating women.
2. Patients with comorbid condition which renders patients at high risk of treatment complication.
3. Patients with metastatic disease to CNS.
4. Patient has uncontrolled angina, congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association > class II or known ejection fraction < 40%), uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, acute myocardial infarction within 3 months or has uncontrolled hypertension.
5. Patient has an active seizure disorder. Patients with a previous history of seizure disorders will be eligible for the study, if they have had no evidence of seizure activity, and they have been free of antiseizure medication for the previous 5 years.
6. Prior surgery or radiotherapy (RT) within 2 weeks of study entry.
7. Prior treatment with palifermin, or other keratinocyte growth factors (eg, KGF-2).
8. Thirty days or less since receiving an investigational product or device in another clinical trial. Current enrollment in another clinical trial is not permitted unless the sole purpose of the trial is to obtain post-treatment data on the subject (eg, long-term follow-up or survival data).
9. Known sensitivity to any of the products to be administered during this study, including Escherichia coli-derived products.
10. Psychological, social, familial, or geographical reasons that would prevent scheduled visits and follow-up.
11. Patients with a history of pancreatitis.